Abstract
The purpose of the research is to compare contingent workers’ organizational attitudes in family firms and nonfamily firms. In the current study, I propose and test a model in which contingent workers’ organizational identification, organizational commitment and job satisfaction are hypothesized to vary in family and nonfamily firms. The hypotheses were tested among high rank hotels in the Campania region. The empirical findings show that contingent workers in nonfamily hotels have higher levels of organizational commitment and job satisfaction than contingent workers in family hotels. Contingent workers show no differences with regard to organizational identification. Implication for theory and practice are discussedRiferimenti bibliografici
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1): 1-18.
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. A. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1): 20-39.
Astrachan, J.H., & Kolenko, T.A. (1994). A neglected factor explaining family business success: human resource practices, Family Business Review, 7(3): 251-262.
Barnett, T., & Kellermanns, F.W. (2006). Are we Family and are we treated as Family? Nonfamily employees’ perception of justice in the Family Firm, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 30(6): 837-854.
Barry, B. (1975). The development of organization structure in the family firm, Journal of General Management, 3(1): 42-60.
Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment, American Journal of Sociology, 66(1): 32-40.
Bergman, M.E. (2006). The relationship between affective and normative commitment: Review and research agenda, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5): 645-663.
Blau, P. (1964), Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Blegen, M.A. (1993). Nurses’ job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of rated variables, Nursing Research, 42(1); 36-41.
Buonocore, F. (2010). Contingent work in the hospitality industry: a mediating model of organizational attitudes, Tourism Management, 31(3): 378-385.
Buonocore, F., Cozza, V., Ferrara, M., & Russo, M. (2010). L’incertezza nelle relazioni di lavoro: una prospettiva di analisi di comportamento organizzativo, Sviluppo & Organizzazione, 239: 58-65.
Cappelli, P. (1995). Rethinking employment, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 33: 563-602.
Chew, S.B., & Chew, R. (1996). Industrial relations in Singapore industry. Singapore: Singapore University.
Chrisman, J.J., Chua, J.H., & Litz, R. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance: an extension and integration, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5): 467-472.
Chua, J.H., Chrisman, J.J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4): 19-39.
Chua, J.H., Chrisman, J.J., & Sharma, P. (2003). Succession and nonsuccession concerns of family firms and agency relationship with nonfamily managers, F amily Business Review, 16: 89-107.
Connelly, C.E., & Gallagher, D.G. (2004). Emerging trends in contingent work research, Journal of Management, 30(6): 959-983.
Corbetta, G., & Salvato, C.A. (2004). The board of director in family firms: one size fits all?, Family Business Review, 17(2): 119-134.
De Cuyper, N., Bernhard-Oettel, C., Berntson, E., De Witte, H., & Alarco, B. (2008). Employability and employees’ well-being: mediation by job-insecurity, Journal of Applied
Psychology, 57(3): 488–509.
De Gilder, D. (2003). Commitment, trust and work behavior. The case of contingent workers, Personnel Review, 32(2): 588-604.
De Kok, M.P., Uhlaner, M.U., & Thurik, A.T. (2006). Professional HRM practices in family owned-managed enterprises, Journal of Small Business Management, 44(3): 441-460.
Donckles, R., & Froehlich, E. (1991). Are family business really different? European experiences from STRATOS, Family Business Review, 4(2): 149-160
Dutton, J.E., Dukerich, J.M., & Harquail, C.V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 239-263.
Felfe, J., Schmook, R., Schyns, B., & Six, B. (2008). Does the form of employment make a difference? - Commitment of traditional, temporary and self-employed workers, Journal of
Vocational Behaviour, 72: 81-94.
Ferrara, M. (2008). La gestione del lavoro flessibile. Torino: Giappichelli.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes, Human Relations 7: 117-140.
Freedman, A. (1985). Speech to the American productivity center, Daily Labor Report, Bureau of National Affairs, A4-A6.
Gallagher, D. G., & McLean Parks, J. (2001). I pledge thee my troth... contingently. Commitment and the contingent work relationship. Human Resource Management Review,
11:181-208.
Galais, N., & Moser, K. (2009). Organizational commitment and the well-being of temporary agency workers: A longitudinal study, Human Relations, 63(4): 589-620.
Galup, S., Saunders, C., Nelson, R.E., & Cervery, R. (1997). The use of temporary staff and managers in a local government environment, Communication Research, 24: 698-730.
Garvin, D.A., Edmondson, A.C., & Gino, F. (2008). Is yours a learning organization?, Harvard Business Review, March: 1-11.
Gersick, K.E., Davis, J.A., McCollom Hampton, M., & Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Glick, W.H., Douglas, J., & Gupta, N. (1986). Method versus substance: how strong are underlying relationships between job characteristics and attitudinal outcomes?, Academy of
Management Journal, 29: 441-464.
Goffin, R.D., & Gellatly, I.R. (2001). A multy-rater assessment of organizational commitment: are self-reported misures biased?, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(4): 437-451.
Gulbrandsen, T. (2005). Flexibility in Norwegian Family-Owned Enterprises, Family Business Review, 18(1): 57-76.
Habbershon, T.G., Williams, M., & MacMillan, I.C. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 18: 451-465.
Hall, A., & Nordqvist, M. (2008). Professional management in family businesses: toward an Extended Understanding. Family Business Review, 21(1): 51-69.
Handler, W. (1989), Methodological issues and considerations in studying family businesses, Family Business Review, 2: 257-276.
Hom, P.W., & Kinicki, A.J. (2001). Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover, Academy of Management Journal, 44(5): 975-987.
Iverson, R.D., & Buttigieg, D.M. (1999). Affective, normative and continuance commitment: Can the’right kind’of commitment be managed?, Journal of Management Studies, 36(3):307-333.
Johnson, A.S., & Ashforth, E.B. (2008). Externalization of employment in a service environment: the role of organizational and customer identification, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 29(3): 287-309.
Johnson, R.E., & Chang, C.H. (2006). “I” is to continuance as “we” is to affective: the relevance of the self-concept for organizational commitment, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5): 549-570.
Jost, J.T, & Kay, A.C. (2010). Social Justice. History, Theory, and Research in Fiske S.T., Gilbert, D.T. e Lindzey G. (eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5 th edition, pp. 1122-1165).
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Kalleberg, A.L. (2000). Non standard employment relations: part-time, temporary and contract work, Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 341-365.
Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: the good and the bad news, Organizational Dynamics, 21: 59-72.
Krakover, S. (2000). Partitioning seasonal employment in the hospitality industry, Tourism Management, 21: 461-471.
Lee, J. (2006). Family firm performance: further evidence, Family Business Review, 19(2): 103-114.
Lubatkin, M.H., Schulze, W.S., Ling, Y., & Dino, R.N. (2005). The effects of parental altruism on the governance of familymanaged firms, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(3): 313-330.
Mael, F., & Ashforth, B.E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: a partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2):103-123.
March, J.G., & Simon, H.A. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.
Masterson, S.S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B.M., & Taylor, M.S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: the differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relation-
ships, Academy of Management Journal, 43(4): 738-748.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review andmeta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2):
171-194.
Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: 1-18.
Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1997), Commitment in the workplace: theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1): 20-52.
Meyer, J.P., Becker, T.E., & Van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitment at work: toward an integrative model, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5): 665-683.
Mitchell, R.K., Morse, E.A., & Sharma, P. (2003). The transacting cognitions of nonfamily employees in the family business setting, Journal of Business Venturing, 18: 533–551.
Moorman, R.H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 845-855.
Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academy Press.
Pierce, J.L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K.T. (2001). Toward a theory of psychological ownership, Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 298-310.
Polivka, A.E., & Nardone, T. (1989). The definition of contingent work, Monthly Labor Review, 12: 9-16.
Ram, M., & Holliday, R. (1993). Relative merits: family culture and kinship in small firms, Sociology, 27: 629-648.
Reid, R.S., & Adams, J.S. (2001). Human resource management: a survey of practices within family and nonfamily firms, Journal of European Industrial Training, 25(6): 310-320.
Rousseau, D.M. (1997). Organizational behaviour in the new organizational era. In J.T. Spence, J.M. Darley J.M., & D.J. Foss (Eds), Annual review of psychology, vol. 48.
Rousseau, D.M. (1998). Why workers still identify with organizations, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19: 217-233.
Rowden, R.W. (2002). High performance and human resource characteristics of successful small manufacturing and processing companies, Leadership and Organizational
Development Journal, 23(2): 79-83.
Schleicher, D.J., Watt, J.D., & Greguras, G.J. (2004). Reexamining the job satisfaction-performance relationship: the complexity of attitudes, Journal of Applied Pshicology, 89: 165-177.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin, M.H., & Dino, R.N. (2003). Toward a theory of agency and altruism in family firms, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4): 473-490.
Sharma, P., & Irving, P.G. (2005). Four bases of family business successor commitment: antecedents and consequences, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1): 13-33.
Sherer, P.D. (1996). Toward an understanding of the variety in work arrangements: the organization and labour relationships framework. In C.L. Cooper, & D.M. Rousseau (Eds), Trends in organizational behaviour, 3. New York: Wiley
Simon, H.A. (1947). Il comportamento amministrativo. Il Mulino: Bologna.
Spector, P.E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: development of the job satisfaction survey, American Journal of Community Psychology, 13: 693-713.
Stamper, C.L., & Masterson, S.S. (2002). Insider or outsider? How employee perception of insider status affect their work behaviour, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 875-894.
Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J.A. (1992). On the goals of successful family companies, Family
Business Review, 5(1): 43-62. Taylor, M.S., & Bowers, D.G. (1974). The survey of organizations: toward a machine scored,
standardized questionnaire. Ann Arbpor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
Thomas, R. (1995). Public policy and small hospitality firms, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7(2/3): 69-73
Teo, D., & Waters, L. (2002). The role of human resourcepractices in reducing occupational stress and strain, International Journal of Stress Management, 9: 207–226.
Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (1998). Organizational citizenship behaviour of contingent workers in Singapore, Academy of Management Journal, 41(6): 692-703.
Van Knippenberg, D., & Sleebos, E. (2006). Organizational identification versus organizational commitment: Self-definition, social exchange, and job attitudes. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 27: 585-605.
Ward, J.L., & Mendoza, D.S. (1996). Work in the family business, Current Research on Occupations and Professions, 9: 167-188.
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. A. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1): 20-39.
Astrachan, J.H., & Kolenko, T.A. (1994). A neglected factor explaining family business success: human resource practices, Family Business Review, 7(3): 251-262.
Barnett, T., & Kellermanns, F.W. (2006). Are we Family and are we treated as Family? Nonfamily employees’ perception of justice in the Family Firm, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 30(6): 837-854.
Barry, B. (1975). The development of organization structure in the family firm, Journal of General Management, 3(1): 42-60.
Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment, American Journal of Sociology, 66(1): 32-40.
Bergman, M.E. (2006). The relationship between affective and normative commitment: Review and research agenda, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5): 645-663.
Blau, P. (1964), Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Blegen, M.A. (1993). Nurses’ job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of rated variables, Nursing Research, 42(1); 36-41.
Buonocore, F. (2010). Contingent work in the hospitality industry: a mediating model of organizational attitudes, Tourism Management, 31(3): 378-385.
Buonocore, F., Cozza, V., Ferrara, M., & Russo, M. (2010). L’incertezza nelle relazioni di lavoro: una prospettiva di analisi di comportamento organizzativo, Sviluppo & Organizzazione, 239: 58-65.
Cappelli, P. (1995). Rethinking employment, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 33: 563-602.
Chew, S.B., & Chew, R. (1996). Industrial relations in Singapore industry. Singapore: Singapore University.
Chrisman, J.J., Chua, J.H., & Litz, R. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance: an extension and integration, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5): 467-472.
Chua, J.H., Chrisman, J.J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4): 19-39.
Chua, J.H., Chrisman, J.J., & Sharma, P. (2003). Succession and nonsuccession concerns of family firms and agency relationship with nonfamily managers, F amily Business Review, 16: 89-107.
Connelly, C.E., & Gallagher, D.G. (2004). Emerging trends in contingent work research, Journal of Management, 30(6): 959-983.
Corbetta, G., & Salvato, C.A. (2004). The board of director in family firms: one size fits all?, Family Business Review, 17(2): 119-134.
De Cuyper, N., Bernhard-Oettel, C., Berntson, E., De Witte, H., & Alarco, B. (2008). Employability and employees’ well-being: mediation by job-insecurity, Journal of Applied
Psychology, 57(3): 488–509.
De Gilder, D. (2003). Commitment, trust and work behavior. The case of contingent workers, Personnel Review, 32(2): 588-604.
De Kok, M.P., Uhlaner, M.U., & Thurik, A.T. (2006). Professional HRM practices in family owned-managed enterprises, Journal of Small Business Management, 44(3): 441-460.
Donckles, R., & Froehlich, E. (1991). Are family business really different? European experiences from STRATOS, Family Business Review, 4(2): 149-160
Dutton, J.E., Dukerich, J.M., & Harquail, C.V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 239-263.
Felfe, J., Schmook, R., Schyns, B., & Six, B. (2008). Does the form of employment make a difference? - Commitment of traditional, temporary and self-employed workers, Journal of
Vocational Behaviour, 72: 81-94.
Ferrara, M. (2008). La gestione del lavoro flessibile. Torino: Giappichelli.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes, Human Relations 7: 117-140.
Freedman, A. (1985). Speech to the American productivity center, Daily Labor Report, Bureau of National Affairs, A4-A6.
Gallagher, D. G., & McLean Parks, J. (2001). I pledge thee my troth... contingently. Commitment and the contingent work relationship. Human Resource Management Review,
11:181-208.
Galais, N., & Moser, K. (2009). Organizational commitment and the well-being of temporary agency workers: A longitudinal study, Human Relations, 63(4): 589-620.
Galup, S., Saunders, C., Nelson, R.E., & Cervery, R. (1997). The use of temporary staff and managers in a local government environment, Communication Research, 24: 698-730.
Garvin, D.A., Edmondson, A.C., & Gino, F. (2008). Is yours a learning organization?, Harvard Business Review, March: 1-11.
Gersick, K.E., Davis, J.A., McCollom Hampton, M., & Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Glick, W.H., Douglas, J., & Gupta, N. (1986). Method versus substance: how strong are underlying relationships between job characteristics and attitudinal outcomes?, Academy of
Management Journal, 29: 441-464.
Goffin, R.D., & Gellatly, I.R. (2001). A multy-rater assessment of organizational commitment: are self-reported misures biased?, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(4): 437-451.
Gulbrandsen, T. (2005). Flexibility in Norwegian Family-Owned Enterprises, Family Business Review, 18(1): 57-76.
Habbershon, T.G., Williams, M., & MacMillan, I.C. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 18: 451-465.
Hall, A., & Nordqvist, M. (2008). Professional management in family businesses: toward an Extended Understanding. Family Business Review, 21(1): 51-69.
Handler, W. (1989), Methodological issues and considerations in studying family businesses, Family Business Review, 2: 257-276.
Hom, P.W., & Kinicki, A.J. (2001). Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover, Academy of Management Journal, 44(5): 975-987.
Iverson, R.D., & Buttigieg, D.M. (1999). Affective, normative and continuance commitment: Can the’right kind’of commitment be managed?, Journal of Management Studies, 36(3):307-333.
Johnson, A.S., & Ashforth, E.B. (2008). Externalization of employment in a service environment: the role of organizational and customer identification, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 29(3): 287-309.
Johnson, R.E., & Chang, C.H. (2006). “I” is to continuance as “we” is to affective: the relevance of the self-concept for organizational commitment, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5): 549-570.
Jost, J.T, & Kay, A.C. (2010). Social Justice. History, Theory, and Research in Fiske S.T., Gilbert, D.T. e Lindzey G. (eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5 th edition, pp. 1122-1165).
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Kalleberg, A.L. (2000). Non standard employment relations: part-time, temporary and contract work, Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 341-365.
Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: the good and the bad news, Organizational Dynamics, 21: 59-72.
Krakover, S. (2000). Partitioning seasonal employment in the hospitality industry, Tourism Management, 21: 461-471.
Lee, J. (2006). Family firm performance: further evidence, Family Business Review, 19(2): 103-114.
Lubatkin, M.H., Schulze, W.S., Ling, Y., & Dino, R.N. (2005). The effects of parental altruism on the governance of familymanaged firms, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(3): 313-330.
Mael, F., & Ashforth, B.E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: a partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2):103-123.
March, J.G., & Simon, H.A. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.
Masterson, S.S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B.M., & Taylor, M.S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: the differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relation-
ships, Academy of Management Journal, 43(4): 738-748.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review andmeta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2):
171-194.
Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: 1-18.
Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1997), Commitment in the workplace: theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1): 20-52.
Meyer, J.P., Becker, T.E., & Van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitment at work: toward an integrative model, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5): 665-683.
Mitchell, R.K., Morse, E.A., & Sharma, P. (2003). The transacting cognitions of nonfamily employees in the family business setting, Journal of Business Venturing, 18: 533–551.
Moorman, R.H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 845-855.
Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academy Press.
Pierce, J.L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K.T. (2001). Toward a theory of psychological ownership, Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 298-310.
Polivka, A.E., & Nardone, T. (1989). The definition of contingent work, Monthly Labor Review, 12: 9-16.
Ram, M., & Holliday, R. (1993). Relative merits: family culture and kinship in small firms, Sociology, 27: 629-648.
Reid, R.S., & Adams, J.S. (2001). Human resource management: a survey of practices within family and nonfamily firms, Journal of European Industrial Training, 25(6): 310-320.
Rousseau, D.M. (1997). Organizational behaviour in the new organizational era. In J.T. Spence, J.M. Darley J.M., & D.J. Foss (Eds), Annual review of psychology, vol. 48.
Rousseau, D.M. (1998). Why workers still identify with organizations, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19: 217-233.
Rowden, R.W. (2002). High performance and human resource characteristics of successful small manufacturing and processing companies, Leadership and Organizational
Development Journal, 23(2): 79-83.
Schleicher, D.J., Watt, J.D., & Greguras, G.J. (2004). Reexamining the job satisfaction-performance relationship: the complexity of attitudes, Journal of Applied Pshicology, 89: 165-177.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin, M.H., & Dino, R.N. (2003). Toward a theory of agency and altruism in family firms, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4): 473-490.
Sharma, P., & Irving, P.G. (2005). Four bases of family business successor commitment: antecedents and consequences, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1): 13-33.
Sherer, P.D. (1996). Toward an understanding of the variety in work arrangements: the organization and labour relationships framework. In C.L. Cooper, & D.M. Rousseau (Eds), Trends in organizational behaviour, 3. New York: Wiley
Simon, H.A. (1947). Il comportamento amministrativo. Il Mulino: Bologna.
Spector, P.E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: development of the job satisfaction survey, American Journal of Community Psychology, 13: 693-713.
Stamper, C.L., & Masterson, S.S. (2002). Insider or outsider? How employee perception of insider status affect their work behaviour, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 875-894.
Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J.A. (1992). On the goals of successful family companies, Family
Business Review, 5(1): 43-62. Taylor, M.S., & Bowers, D.G. (1974). The survey of organizations: toward a machine scored,
standardized questionnaire. Ann Arbpor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
Thomas, R. (1995). Public policy and small hospitality firms, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7(2/3): 69-73
Teo, D., & Waters, L. (2002). The role of human resourcepractices in reducing occupational stress and strain, International Journal of Stress Management, 9: 207–226.
Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (1998). Organizational citizenship behaviour of contingent workers in Singapore, Academy of Management Journal, 41(6): 692-703.
Van Knippenberg, D., & Sleebos, E. (2006). Organizational identification versus organizational commitment: Self-definition, social exchange, and job attitudes. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 27: 585-605.
Ward, J.L., & Mendoza, D.S. (1996). Work in the family business, Current Research on Occupations and Professions, 9: 167-188.
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