Abstract
La questione dell’idolatria ha a che fare con i fondamenti del giudaismo in quanto tale. Il saggio presenta le principali prese di posizione sull’idolatria espresse dal filosofio e halakhista medievale Maimonide nel suo codice Mishnè Torà, nella Guida dei Perplessi e nell’Epistola sull’apostasia. In quanto giurista religioso, Maimonide non dà una definizione precisa di idolatria ma presenta, sulla base delle fonti talmudiche, i comportamenti identificabili e sanzionabili come idolatrici; invece, come filosofo si sforza di trovare una definizione e di applicarla come ratio di tutti i divini precetti della Torà. In prospettiva tassonomica, inoltre, Maimonide distingue tra idolatria e apostasia forzata in regimi di persecuzione, mostrando perché in questi ultimi casi non si addica la severità giuridica che si applica a chi, da ebreo, trasgredisce con atti di idolatria.
Parole chiave: halakhà, culto estraneo (‘avodà zarà), precetti (mitzwot), eresia, apostasia
The issue of idolatry deals with the fundamental principles of Judaism as such. This essay presents the main statements on idolatry expressed by the Jewish philosopher and halakhist Moses Maimonides in his great code Mishnè Torah, in the Guide of the Perplexes, and the Epistle on the apostasy. As a religious jurist, Maimonides does not offer a precise definition of idolatry; instead he presents, based on the Talmudic sources, the behaviors that he identifies as manifestations of idolatry. As a philosopher, he tries to find a definition and to apply it as an explanation for all the divine precepts of the Torah. In a taxonomic perspective, Maimonides distinguishes between idolatry and forced apostasy in a regime of persecution, and shows why in such cases the halakhic severity of the laws does not apply to the Jews who have done acts of idolatry.
Keywords: halakhah, alien worshop (‘avodah zarah), precepts (mitzwot), heresy, apostasy
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