Keywords
circular economy
SMEs
technological resources
SMEs
technological resources
How to Cite
Cano-Rubio, M., Maglio, R., & Núñez-Cacho Utrilla, P. (2021). Factors influencing circular economy implementation in smes business models: the case of Spain. Piccola Impresa Small Business, (2). https://doi.org/10.14596/pisb.2849
Received 2020-08-03
Accepted 2021-02-12
Published 2021-10-17
Accepted 2021-02-12
Published 2021-10-17
Abstract
Nowadays, Europe has to add more value to the resources it uses and make all sectors more productive, so the transition to a circular economy (CE) requires a stronger link between waste reduction and resource efficiency. Small and medium-sized enterprises are increasingly aware of the benefits of closing loops and improving resource efficiency, creating competitive advantages, and accessing new markets.
In the learning of valuing waste as a resource and apply the lessons of the natural world, in which nothing is wasted, SMEs embraces the CE to achieve sustainability. In this line, the agro-food system plays an important role since it needs that agricultural practices aim at optimising yields and improving the natural resources, what is crucial for embracing CE. We conclude by using mixed methodology, where 161 SMEs took part that they characterise by the inappropriate lack of technical and technological resources, even though they consider innovation crucial to achieve a competitive advantage. Therefore, the EU policies, in general, and the Spanish ones, in particular, should reinforce the “Green Economy” and help SMEs, incorporate CE principles into their business models.
References
Allenby, B. (1998). Earth Systems Engineering:The Role of Industrial Ecology in an Engineered World. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(3), 73-93.
Andersen, M. S. (2007). An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy. Sustainability Science, 2(1), 133-140. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-006-0013-6.
Benyus, J. M. (2002). Biomimicry. Innovation inspired by nature. New York: Harper Perennial.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Bocken,N., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C. & van der Grinten, B. (2016). Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 33(5), 308-20.doi: 10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124
Braungart, M., McDonough, W., & Bollinger, A. (2007). Cradle-to-cradle design: healthy emisions – a strategy for eco-effective product
and system design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 1337-1348.
Bueno, E. (Coord.) (2003). Model for the measurement and management of intellectual capital: Intellectus Model, Intellectus Documents (5), Centro de Investigación de la Sociedad del Conocimiento (CIC), CIC-IADE (UAM), Madrid.
Bueno, E. (Coord.) (2011). Model for the measurement and management of the intelectual capital: Intellectus Model, Intellectus Documents (9/10), Centro de Investigación de la Sociedad del Conocimiento (CIC), CIC-IADE (UAM), Madrid.
Chertow, M.R. (2007).“Uncovering” industrial symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 11–30.
Erkman, S., 1997. Industrial ecology: An historical view. Journal of Cleaner Production, 5(1–2),.1–10.
Churchill, G., & Surprenant, C. (1982). An investigation to the determinants of customers satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 491-504.
Dangelico, R.M., & Pujari, D. (2010). Mainstreaming green product innovation: why and how companies integrate environmental sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(3), 471 – 486. Dubey, R.,
Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Papadopoulos, T., & Helo, P. (2019). Supplier relationship management for circular economy. Management Decision, 57(4), 767-790. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2018-0396.
European Bank for Reconstruction & Development (2020). https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/sectors-and-topics/ebrd-small-business-initiative.html. Last access the 29th July, 2020.
Foster, C., & Green, K. (2000). Greening the innovation process. Business Strategy and the Environment, 9(5), 287 – 303.
Frosch, D, & Gallopoulos, N. (1989). Strategies for manufacturing. Scientific American, 261(3), 94–102.
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P, & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy - A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.12.048.
Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114: 11-32.
Ghisetti, C., & Montresor, S. (2020). On the adoption of circular economy practices by small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs): does “financing-as-usual” still matter? Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 30(2), 559-586.
Grant, K., Edgar, D., Sukumar, A. and Meyer, M., (2014). Risky business': perceptions of e-business risk by UK small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). International Journal of Information Management, 34(2); 99-122.
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3): 114-135.
Haas, W., Krausmann, F., Wiedenhofer, F., & Heinz, M. (2015). How Circular is the Global Economy?: An Assessment of Material Flows, Waste Production, and Recycling in the European Union and the World in 2005. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 765-777.
Jabbour, Charbel Jose Chiappetta & Jabbour, Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa
& Sarkis, Joseph & Filho, Moacir Godinho, 2019. "Unlocking the circular economy through new business models based on large-scale data: An integrative framework and research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 546-552.
Koskela, M, & Vehmas J, (2012) Defining eco-efficiency: a case study on the Finnish forest industry. Business Strategy Environment, 21(8):546–566.
Kristensen, D. K., Kjeldsen, C., & Thorsøe, M. H. (2016). Enabling sustainable agro-food futures: Exploring fault lines and synergies between the integrated territorial paradigm, rural eco-economy and circular economy. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29(5),
749-765. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-016-9632-9.
Lahti, T., Wincent, J., & Parida, V., (2018). A Definition and Theoretical Review of the Circular Economy, Value Creation, and Sustainable Business Models: Where Are We Now and Where Should Research Move in the Future? Sustainability , 10, 2799-2798
Lee, J., Kao, H.A., & Yang, S. (2014). Service innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0 and big data environment. Procedia CIRP, 16, 3-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.02.001.
Lieder, M. & Rashid, A., 2016. Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 115, 36–51.
Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, A.B., Jabbour, C.H., Filho, M.G. & Roubaud, D. (2018). Industry 4.0 and the circular economy: a proposed research agenda and original roadmap for sustainable operations. Annals of Operations Research, 270(1), 273-286.
Manninen, K., Koskela, S., Antikainen, R., Bocken, N., Dahlbo, H. & Aminoff, A. (2018). Do circular economy business models capture intended environmental value propositions? Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 413-422.
Margarita, R., Villar José, & Pereira, E. T. (2020). The determinants for a circular economy in europe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(11), 12566-12578. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07847-9.
McDonough, W., & Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to cradle: Remaking the way we make things. New York, NY: North Point Press.
Núñez-Cacho, P., Molina-Moreno, V., Corpas-Iglesias, F.A.,& Cortés-García, F.J. (2018). Family Businesses Transitioning to a Circular Economy Model: The Case of “Mercadona”. Sustainability, 10, 538-556.
Oesterreich, T. D., & Teuteberg, F. (2016). Understanding the implications of digitisation and automation in the context of Industry 4.0: A triangulation approach and elements of a research agenda for the construction industry. Computers in Industry, 83, 121-139. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2016.09.006.
Park, J., Sarkis, J. & Wu, Z., (2010). Creating integrated business and environmental value within the context of China’s circular economy and ecological modernization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(15), 1492–1499.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Porter, M. & Heppelmann, J. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review, 92(11, 64-88.
Rajput, S., & Singh, S. P. (2019). Connecting circular economy and industry 4.0. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 98-113.
Rizos V, Behrens A, Kafyeke T, Hirschnitz Garbers M, Ioannou A (2015) . he circular economy: barriers and opportunities for SMEs, CEPS working document no. 412/September 2015. Brussels.
Rizos, V., Behrens, A., Van Der Gaast, W., Hofman, E., Ioannou, A., Kafyeke, T., Flamos, A., Rinaldi, R., Papadelis, S., Hirschnitz-Garbers, M., & Topi, C. (2016). Implementation of circular economy business models by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): barriers and enablers. Sustainability, 8(11), 1-18.
Rosa, P., Sassanelli, C., Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D., & Terzi, S. (2020). Assessing relations between circular economy and industry 4.0: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Production Research, 58(6), 1662-1687.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1680896
Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P., & Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries. Boston Consulting Group, 9.
Sanders, A., Elangeswaran, Ch., & Wulfsberg, J.P. (2016). Industry 4.0 implies lean manufacturing: Research activities in industry 4.0 function as enablers for lean manufacturing. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 9(3):811-833. DOI: 10.3926/jiem.1940
Schaltegger, S., & Sturm, A. (1989). Ökologieinduzierte Entscheidungsprobleme des Managements: Ansatzpunkte zur Ausgestaltung von Instrumenten [Ecology induced management decision support. Starting points for instrument formation].WWZ-Discussion Paper No. 8914, Basel.
Schmidheiny, S. (1992). Changing Course: A Global Business Perspective on Development and the Environment. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Skene, K. R. (2018). Circles, spirals, pyramids and cubes: Why the circular economy cannot work. Sustainability Science, 13(2), 479-492. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0443-3
Smol, M., Kulczycka, J., & Avdiushchenko, A. (2017). Circular economy indicators in relation to eco-innovation in european regions. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 19(3), 669-678.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1323-8
Tseng, M. L., Tan, R. R., Chiu, A. S., Chien, C. F., & Kuo, T. C. (2018). Circular economy meets industry 4.0: Can big data drive industrial symbiosis?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 131, 146-147.
Tukker, A., (2015). Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy - A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 97, 76–91.
Tukker, A., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S, Koning, A., Lutterb, S., Simas, M., Stadlerd, K. & Wood, R. (2016). Environmental and resource footprints in a global context: Europe’s structural deficit in resource endowments. Global Environmental Change, 40, 171–181.
Ünal, E., Urbinati, A., & Chiaroni, D. (2019). Managerial practices for designing circular economy business models: IMS. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31(3), 561-589. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2018-0061
Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D. & Chiesa, V., (2017). Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 487-498.
Wang, P., Che, F., Fan, S., & Chen, G. (2014). Ownership governance, institutional pressures and circular economy accounting information disclosure. Chinese Management Studies, 8(3): 487-501. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CMS-10-2013-0192.
Zero project (2020): https://proyecto-zero.com/ (Last access 29th July, 2020).
Zhou, K., Liu, T., & Zhou, L. (2015). Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges. Paper Presented in 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD) in Zhangjiajie, 2147–2152, included in Rajput, S., & Singh, S. P. (2019). Connecting circular economy and industry 4.0: SSIS. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 98-113 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.03.002.
Andersen, M. S. (2007). An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy. Sustainability Science, 2(1), 133-140. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-006-0013-6.
Benyus, J. M. (2002). Biomimicry. Innovation inspired by nature. New York: Harper Perennial.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Bocken,N., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C. & van der Grinten, B. (2016). Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 33(5), 308-20.doi: 10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124
Braungart, M., McDonough, W., & Bollinger, A. (2007). Cradle-to-cradle design: healthy emisions – a strategy for eco-effective product
and system design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 1337-1348.
Bueno, E. (Coord.) (2003). Model for the measurement and management of intellectual capital: Intellectus Model, Intellectus Documents (5), Centro de Investigación de la Sociedad del Conocimiento (CIC), CIC-IADE (UAM), Madrid.
Bueno, E. (Coord.) (2011). Model for the measurement and management of the intelectual capital: Intellectus Model, Intellectus Documents (9/10), Centro de Investigación de la Sociedad del Conocimiento (CIC), CIC-IADE (UAM), Madrid.
Chertow, M.R. (2007).“Uncovering” industrial symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 11–30.
Erkman, S., 1997. Industrial ecology: An historical view. Journal of Cleaner Production, 5(1–2),.1–10.
Churchill, G., & Surprenant, C. (1982). An investigation to the determinants of customers satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 491-504.
Dangelico, R.M., & Pujari, D. (2010). Mainstreaming green product innovation: why and how companies integrate environmental sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(3), 471 – 486. Dubey, R.,
Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Papadopoulos, T., & Helo, P. (2019). Supplier relationship management for circular economy. Management Decision, 57(4), 767-790. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2018-0396.
European Bank for Reconstruction & Development (2020). https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/sectors-and-topics/ebrd-small-business-initiative.html. Last access the 29th July, 2020.
Foster, C., & Green, K. (2000). Greening the innovation process. Business Strategy and the Environment, 9(5), 287 – 303.
Frosch, D, & Gallopoulos, N. (1989). Strategies for manufacturing. Scientific American, 261(3), 94–102.
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P, & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy - A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.12.048.
Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114: 11-32.
Ghisetti, C., & Montresor, S. (2020). On the adoption of circular economy practices by small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs): does “financing-as-usual” still matter? Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 30(2), 559-586.
Grant, K., Edgar, D., Sukumar, A. and Meyer, M., (2014). Risky business': perceptions of e-business risk by UK small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). International Journal of Information Management, 34(2); 99-122.
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3): 114-135.
Haas, W., Krausmann, F., Wiedenhofer, F., & Heinz, M. (2015). How Circular is the Global Economy?: An Assessment of Material Flows, Waste Production, and Recycling in the European Union and the World in 2005. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 765-777.
Jabbour, Charbel Jose Chiappetta & Jabbour, Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa
& Sarkis, Joseph & Filho, Moacir Godinho, 2019. "Unlocking the circular economy through new business models based on large-scale data: An integrative framework and research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 546-552.
Koskela, M, & Vehmas J, (2012) Defining eco-efficiency: a case study on the Finnish forest industry. Business Strategy Environment, 21(8):546–566.
Kristensen, D. K., Kjeldsen, C., & Thorsøe, M. H. (2016). Enabling sustainable agro-food futures: Exploring fault lines and synergies between the integrated territorial paradigm, rural eco-economy and circular economy. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29(5),
749-765. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-016-9632-9.
Lahti, T., Wincent, J., & Parida, V., (2018). A Definition and Theoretical Review of the Circular Economy, Value Creation, and Sustainable Business Models: Where Are We Now and Where Should Research Move in the Future? Sustainability , 10, 2799-2798
Lee, J., Kao, H.A., & Yang, S. (2014). Service innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0 and big data environment. Procedia CIRP, 16, 3-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.02.001.
Lieder, M. & Rashid, A., 2016. Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 115, 36–51.
Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, A.B., Jabbour, C.H., Filho, M.G. & Roubaud, D. (2018). Industry 4.0 and the circular economy: a proposed research agenda and original roadmap for sustainable operations. Annals of Operations Research, 270(1), 273-286.
Manninen, K., Koskela, S., Antikainen, R., Bocken, N., Dahlbo, H. & Aminoff, A. (2018). Do circular economy business models capture intended environmental value propositions? Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 413-422.
Margarita, R., Villar José, & Pereira, E. T. (2020). The determinants for a circular economy in europe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(11), 12566-12578. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07847-9.
McDonough, W., & Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to cradle: Remaking the way we make things. New York, NY: North Point Press.
Núñez-Cacho, P., Molina-Moreno, V., Corpas-Iglesias, F.A.,& Cortés-García, F.J. (2018). Family Businesses Transitioning to a Circular Economy Model: The Case of “Mercadona”. Sustainability, 10, 538-556.
Oesterreich, T. D., & Teuteberg, F. (2016). Understanding the implications of digitisation and automation in the context of Industry 4.0: A triangulation approach and elements of a research agenda for the construction industry. Computers in Industry, 83, 121-139. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2016.09.006.
Park, J., Sarkis, J. & Wu, Z., (2010). Creating integrated business and environmental value within the context of China’s circular economy and ecological modernization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(15), 1492–1499.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Porter, M. & Heppelmann, J. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review, 92(11, 64-88.
Rajput, S., & Singh, S. P. (2019). Connecting circular economy and industry 4.0. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 98-113.
Rizos V, Behrens A, Kafyeke T, Hirschnitz Garbers M, Ioannou A (2015) . he circular economy: barriers and opportunities for SMEs, CEPS working document no. 412/September 2015. Brussels.
Rizos, V., Behrens, A., Van Der Gaast, W., Hofman, E., Ioannou, A., Kafyeke, T., Flamos, A., Rinaldi, R., Papadelis, S., Hirschnitz-Garbers, M., & Topi, C. (2016). Implementation of circular economy business models by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): barriers and enablers. Sustainability, 8(11), 1-18.
Rosa, P., Sassanelli, C., Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D., & Terzi, S. (2020). Assessing relations between circular economy and industry 4.0: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Production Research, 58(6), 1662-1687.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1680896
Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P., & Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries. Boston Consulting Group, 9.
Sanders, A., Elangeswaran, Ch., & Wulfsberg, J.P. (2016). Industry 4.0 implies lean manufacturing: Research activities in industry 4.0 function as enablers for lean manufacturing. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 9(3):811-833. DOI: 10.3926/jiem.1940
Schaltegger, S., & Sturm, A. (1989). Ökologieinduzierte Entscheidungsprobleme des Managements: Ansatzpunkte zur Ausgestaltung von Instrumenten [Ecology induced management decision support. Starting points for instrument formation].WWZ-Discussion Paper No. 8914, Basel.
Schmidheiny, S. (1992). Changing Course: A Global Business Perspective on Development and the Environment. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Skene, K. R. (2018). Circles, spirals, pyramids and cubes: Why the circular economy cannot work. Sustainability Science, 13(2), 479-492. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0443-3
Smol, M., Kulczycka, J., & Avdiushchenko, A. (2017). Circular economy indicators in relation to eco-innovation in european regions. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 19(3), 669-678.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1323-8
Tseng, M. L., Tan, R. R., Chiu, A. S., Chien, C. F., & Kuo, T. C. (2018). Circular economy meets industry 4.0: Can big data drive industrial symbiosis?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 131, 146-147.
Tukker, A., (2015). Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy - A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 97, 76–91.
Tukker, A., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S, Koning, A., Lutterb, S., Simas, M., Stadlerd, K. & Wood, R. (2016). Environmental and resource footprints in a global context: Europe’s structural deficit in resource endowments. Global Environmental Change, 40, 171–181.
Ünal, E., Urbinati, A., & Chiaroni, D. (2019). Managerial practices for designing circular economy business models: IMS. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31(3), 561-589. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2018-0061
Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D. & Chiesa, V., (2017). Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 487-498.
Wang, P., Che, F., Fan, S., & Chen, G. (2014). Ownership governance, institutional pressures and circular economy accounting information disclosure. Chinese Management Studies, 8(3): 487-501. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CMS-10-2013-0192.
Zero project (2020): https://proyecto-zero.com/ (Last access 29th July, 2020).
Zhou, K., Liu, T., & Zhou, L. (2015). Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges. Paper Presented in 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD) in Zhangjiajie, 2147–2152, included in Rajput, S., & Singh, S. P. (2019). Connecting circular economy and industry 4.0: SSIS. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 98-113 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.03.002.
Copyright and licensing: The journal supports the principles contained in the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to scientific literature (2003), reiterated in the Italian CRUI Guidelines on Open Access journals. Copyright Notice: papers made open to the public are published under the CC BY--4.0 license.
Archiving : This journal uses the LOCKSS system to create an archiving system, which is distributed between participating libraries and enables them to search through the permanent archives of the journal for the purposes of conservation and restoration. All journal data and publications are also saved and stored directly on the platform