Abstract
Recently scholars around the globe have noted the importance of entrepreneurship in creating job opportunities and socio-economic development in both developed and developing economies. Despite this importance, there is lack of research in developing countries regarding antecedents of individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions. Using theoretical framework of social cognitive theory, this research aims to study the effects of family background, personality traits, and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions. To this end, a sample comprised of n = 374 final year university students was utilized to test the hypothesized relationships by employing partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The findings suggest a significant positive impact of family background, personality traits, and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions. In conclusion, the implications of research findings are discussed in detail.
References
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Akanbi, S. T. (2013, December). Familial factors, personality traits and self-efficacy as determinants of entrepreneurial intention among vocational based college of education students in Oyo State, Nigeria. In The African Symposium (Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 66-76).
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Antoncic, B., Bratkovic Kregar, T., Singh, G., & Denoble, A. F. (2015). The Big Five Personality-Entrepreneurship Relationship: Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 819–841.
Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audretsch, D. (2016). Institutional factors, opportunity entrepreneurship and economic growth: Panel data evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 45–61.
Aslam, S., & Hasnu, S. (2016). Issues and constraints perceived by young entrepreneurs of Pakistan. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 50–65.
Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., & Desai, S. (2015). Entrepreneurship and economic development in cities. The Annals of Regional Science, 55(1), 33-60.
Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative science quarterly, 421-458.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
Bates, T. (1995). Self-employment entry across industry groups. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(2), 143–156.
Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(4), 63-77.
Brice, J. (2004). The role of personality dimensions on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. USASBE Small Business Advancement National Center. USA: University of Central Arkansas.
Carr, J. C., & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A Theory of Planned Behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090–1098.
Chandler,G.N., & Jensen.D.A.(1992).Gauging performance in emerging business: longitudinal Economic and Administrative series, 3:139-148.
Channa, N. A., Bhutto, M. H., Bhutto, M., Bhutto, N. A., & Tariq, B. (2020). Capturing customer’s store loyalty through relationship benefits: Moderating effect of retail innovation. European Business Review.
Chaudhary, R. (2017). Demographic factors, personality and entrepreneurial inclination. Education + Training, 59(2), 171–187.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653-665.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Holland, J. L. (1984). Personality and vocational interests in an adult sample. Journal of Applied psychology, 69(3), 390.
Culbertson, S. S., Smith, M. R., & Leiva, P. I. (2011). Enhancing entrepreneurship: The role of goal orientation and self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(2), 115-129.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1), 417–440.
Drennan, J. C., Kennedy, J., & Renfrow, P. (2004). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions. The importance of childhood experiences.
Farrukh, M., Khan, A. A., Khan, M. S., Ramzani, S. R., & Soladoye, B. S. A. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions: the role of family factors, personality traits and self-efficacy. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development.
Farrukh, M., Ying, C. W., & Mansori, S. (2016). Intrapreneurial behavior: an empirical investigation of personality traits. Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 11(4), 597-609.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gibb, A., & Hannon, P. (2006). Towards the entrepreneurial university. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 4(1), 73-110.
Gilal, F. G., Chandani, K., Gilal, R. G., Gilal, N. G., Gilal, W. G., & Channa, N. A. (2019). Towards a new model for green consumer behaviour: A self‐determination theory perspective. Sustainable Development.
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of management information systems, 18(1), 185-214.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative" description of personality": the big-five factor structure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 59(6), 1216.
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European business review.
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2016). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: part I–method. European Business Review.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to international marketing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Hussain, A., & Norashidah, D. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intentions of Pakistani Students. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation, 2(1), 43-53.
Ismail, M., Khalid, S. A., Othman, M., Jusoff, H. K., Rahman, N. A., Kassim, K. M., & Zain, R. S. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian undergraduates. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 54-60.
Jing, L. L., & Sung, M. (2012). University students personality traits and entrepreneurial intention: Using entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial attitude as mediating variable. International Journal of Economic Research, 3(3), 76-82.
Johansen, V., Schanke, T., & Clausen, T. H. (2012). Entrepreneurship education and pupils' attitudes towards entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship-Born, Made and Educated, 113-126.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2(1999), 102-138.
Karabulut, A. T. (2016). Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial Intention. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 12–21.
Kirzner, I. (1973). The entrepreneur. Competition and entrepreneurship, 30-87.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York.
Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 21(1), 47-58.
Krueger, N. (1993). Title: The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability Author(s): Norris Krueger Source: Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, (January 1993), 1–13.
Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91–104.
Krueger, N., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432.
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Bishop, J. W. (2005). Managers’ corporate entrepreneurial actions and job satisfaction. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 275-291.
Laspita, S., Breugst, N., Heblich, S., & Patzelt, H. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(4), 414–435.
Leong, C. K. (2008). Entrepreneurial intention: an empirical study among Open University Malaysia (OUM) students (Doctoral dissertation, Open University Malaysia (OUM)).
Locke, E. (2000). Motivation, cognition, and action: An analysis of studies of task goals and knowledge. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 408-429.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). Achieving society (No. 15). Simon and Schuster.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 81.
Muhib, Y., & Khan, N. (2010). The Prospects of Entrepreneurial Education in Pakistan: An Economic Perspective. Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences and Economics, 8(2), 1–10.
Nicolaou, N., & Shane, S. (2010). Entrepreneurship and occupational choice: Genetic and environmental influences. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76(1), 3–14.
Pech, R. J., & Cameron, A. (2006). An entrepreneurial decision process model describing opportunity recognition. European Journal of Innovation Management, 9(1), 61–78.
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Malay students’ entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial efficacy in vocational and technical secondary schools of Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 19(2), 433–447.
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2013). Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediation Effect of Self-Regulation. Vocations and Learning, 6(3), 385–401.
Premand, P., Brodmann, S., Almeida, R., Grun, R., & Barouni, M. (2016). Entrepreneurship Education and Entry into Self-Employment Among University Graduates. World Development, 77, 311–327.
Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Toney, B., Llopis, F., & Fox, J. (2009). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 15(6), 571–594.
Raja, U., Johns, G., Ntalianis, F., & Johns, G. (2004). The impact of personality on psychological contracts. The Academy Of Management Journal, 47(3), 350–367.
Ringle, C., Da Silva, D., & Bido, D. (2015). Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Bido, D., da Silva, D., & Ringle, C.(2014). Structural Equation Modeling with the Smartpls. Brazilian Journal Of Marketing, 13(2).
Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K., & Awuah, J. B. (2013). An assessment of entrepreneurship intention among Sunyani Polytechnic Marketing students. International Review of Management and Marketing, 3(1), 37.
Santoso, S. (2016). Influence of Self-Efficacy To Student Entrepreneurial-Intention With Student Background As a Moderating Variable: Case Study in Indonesia. Journal of Information, Business and Management, 8(4), 131–145.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 72-90.
Soomro, B. A., Lakhan, G. R., Mangi, S., & Shah, N. (2020). Predicting entrepreneurial intention among business students of public sector universities of Pakistan: an application of the entrepreneurial event model. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development.
Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2009). Do Big Five personality factors affect individual creativity? The moderating role of extrinsic motivation. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(7), 941–956.
Umrani, W. A., Channa, N. A., Yousaf, A., Ahmed, U., Pahi, M. H., & Ramayah, T. (2020). Greening the workforce to achieve environmental performance in hotel industry: A serial mediation model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 50-60.
Utami, C. W. (2017). Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavior, Entrepreneurship Education and Self-efficacy toward Entrepreneurial Intention University Student in Indonesia. European Research Studies Journal Volume XX, 2(2), 475–495. Retrieved from http://www.ersj.eu/repec/ers/papers/17_2_A_p29.pdf.
Wan Shahraad Wan Sulaiman, Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir, Fatimah Wati Halim, Fatimah Omar, Rabiah Abdul Latif, & Wan Samhanim Wan Sulaiman. (2013). Structural relations between personality traits, coping strategy, social support and well-being among Adolescents. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 21(S), 121– 134.
Westhead, P., & Solesvik, M. Z. (2016). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: Do female students benefit? International Small Business Journal, 34(8), 979-1003.
Wood, R., & Bandura, a. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 407–415.
Zeffane, R. (2015). Trust, personality, risk taking and entrepreneurship. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development.
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of applied psychology, 91(2), 259.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of applied psychology, 90(6), 1265.
Zhao, H., Seibert.Scott, & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). Journal of Management. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381–404.
Akanbi, S. T. (2013, December). Familial factors, personality traits and self-efficacy as determinants of entrepreneurial intention among vocational based college of education students in Oyo State, Nigeria. In The African Symposium (Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 66-76).
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Antoncic, B., Bratkovic Kregar, T., Singh, G., & Denoble, A. F. (2015). The Big Five Personality-Entrepreneurship Relationship: Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 819–841.
Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audretsch, D. (2016). Institutional factors, opportunity entrepreneurship and economic growth: Panel data evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 45–61.
Aslam, S., & Hasnu, S. (2016). Issues and constraints perceived by young entrepreneurs of Pakistan. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 50–65.
Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., & Desai, S. (2015). Entrepreneurship and economic development in cities. The Annals of Regional Science, 55(1), 33-60.
Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative science quarterly, 421-458.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
Bates, T. (1995). Self-employment entry across industry groups. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(2), 143–156.
Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(4), 63-77.
Brice, J. (2004). The role of personality dimensions on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. USASBE Small Business Advancement National Center. USA: University of Central Arkansas.
Carr, J. C., & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A Theory of Planned Behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090–1098.
Chandler,G.N., & Jensen.D.A.(1992).Gauging performance in emerging business: longitudinal Economic and Administrative series, 3:139-148.
Channa, N. A., Bhutto, M. H., Bhutto, M., Bhutto, N. A., & Tariq, B. (2020). Capturing customer’s store loyalty through relationship benefits: Moderating effect of retail innovation. European Business Review.
Chaudhary, R. (2017). Demographic factors, personality and entrepreneurial inclination. Education + Training, 59(2), 171–187.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653-665.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Holland, J. L. (1984). Personality and vocational interests in an adult sample. Journal of Applied psychology, 69(3), 390.
Culbertson, S. S., Smith, M. R., & Leiva, P. I. (2011). Enhancing entrepreneurship: The role of goal orientation and self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(2), 115-129.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1), 417–440.
Drennan, J. C., Kennedy, J., & Renfrow, P. (2004). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions. The importance of childhood experiences.
Farrukh, M., Khan, A. A., Khan, M. S., Ramzani, S. R., & Soladoye, B. S. A. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions: the role of family factors, personality traits and self-efficacy. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development.
Farrukh, M., Ying, C. W., & Mansori, S. (2016). Intrapreneurial behavior: an empirical investigation of personality traits. Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 11(4), 597-609.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gibb, A., & Hannon, P. (2006). Towards the entrepreneurial university. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 4(1), 73-110.
Gilal, F. G., Chandani, K., Gilal, R. G., Gilal, N. G., Gilal, W. G., & Channa, N. A. (2019). Towards a new model for green consumer behaviour: A self‐determination theory perspective. Sustainable Development.
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of management information systems, 18(1), 185-214.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative" description of personality": the big-five factor structure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 59(6), 1216.
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European business review.
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2016). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: part I–method. European Business Review.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to international marketing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Hussain, A., & Norashidah, D. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intentions of Pakistani Students. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation, 2(1), 43-53.
Ismail, M., Khalid, S. A., Othman, M., Jusoff, H. K., Rahman, N. A., Kassim, K. M., & Zain, R. S. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian undergraduates. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 54-60.
Jing, L. L., & Sung, M. (2012). University students personality traits and entrepreneurial intention: Using entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial attitude as mediating variable. International Journal of Economic Research, 3(3), 76-82.
Johansen, V., Schanke, T., & Clausen, T. H. (2012). Entrepreneurship education and pupils' attitudes towards entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship-Born, Made and Educated, 113-126.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2(1999), 102-138.
Karabulut, A. T. (2016). Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial Intention. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 12–21.
Kirzner, I. (1973). The entrepreneur. Competition and entrepreneurship, 30-87.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York.
Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 21(1), 47-58.
Krueger, N. (1993). Title: The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability Author(s): Norris Krueger Source: Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, (January 1993), 1–13.
Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91–104.
Krueger, N., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432.
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Bishop, J. W. (2005). Managers’ corporate entrepreneurial actions and job satisfaction. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 275-291.
Laspita, S., Breugst, N., Heblich, S., & Patzelt, H. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(4), 414–435.
Leong, C. K. (2008). Entrepreneurial intention: an empirical study among Open University Malaysia (OUM) students (Doctoral dissertation, Open University Malaysia (OUM)).
Locke, E. (2000). Motivation, cognition, and action: An analysis of studies of task goals and knowledge. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 408-429.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). Achieving society (No. 15). Simon and Schuster.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 81.
Muhib, Y., & Khan, N. (2010). The Prospects of Entrepreneurial Education in Pakistan: An Economic Perspective. Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences and Economics, 8(2), 1–10.
Nicolaou, N., & Shane, S. (2010). Entrepreneurship and occupational choice: Genetic and environmental influences. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76(1), 3–14.
Pech, R. J., & Cameron, A. (2006). An entrepreneurial decision process model describing opportunity recognition. European Journal of Innovation Management, 9(1), 61–78.
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Malay students’ entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial efficacy in vocational and technical secondary schools of Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 19(2), 433–447.
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2013). Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediation Effect of Self-Regulation. Vocations and Learning, 6(3), 385–401.
Premand, P., Brodmann, S., Almeida, R., Grun, R., & Barouni, M. (2016). Entrepreneurship Education and Entry into Self-Employment Among University Graduates. World Development, 77, 311–327.
Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Toney, B., Llopis, F., & Fox, J. (2009). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 15(6), 571–594.
Raja, U., Johns, G., Ntalianis, F., & Johns, G. (2004). The impact of personality on psychological contracts. The Academy Of Management Journal, 47(3), 350–367.
Ringle, C., Da Silva, D., & Bido, D. (2015). Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Bido, D., da Silva, D., & Ringle, C.(2014). Structural Equation Modeling with the Smartpls. Brazilian Journal Of Marketing, 13(2).
Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K., & Awuah, J. B. (2013). An assessment of entrepreneurship intention among Sunyani Polytechnic Marketing students. International Review of Management and Marketing, 3(1), 37.
Santoso, S. (2016). Influence of Self-Efficacy To Student Entrepreneurial-Intention With Student Background As a Moderating Variable: Case Study in Indonesia. Journal of Information, Business and Management, 8(4), 131–145.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 72-90.
Soomro, B. A., Lakhan, G. R., Mangi, S., & Shah, N. (2020). Predicting entrepreneurial intention among business students of public sector universities of Pakistan: an application of the entrepreneurial event model. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development.
Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2009). Do Big Five personality factors affect individual creativity? The moderating role of extrinsic motivation. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(7), 941–956.
Umrani, W. A., Channa, N. A., Yousaf, A., Ahmed, U., Pahi, M. H., & Ramayah, T. (2020). Greening the workforce to achieve environmental performance in hotel industry: A serial mediation model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 50-60.
Utami, C. W. (2017). Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavior, Entrepreneurship Education and Self-efficacy toward Entrepreneurial Intention University Student in Indonesia. European Research Studies Journal Volume XX, 2(2), 475–495. Retrieved from http://www.ersj.eu/repec/ers/papers/17_2_A_p29.pdf.
Wan Shahraad Wan Sulaiman, Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir, Fatimah Wati Halim, Fatimah Omar, Rabiah Abdul Latif, & Wan Samhanim Wan Sulaiman. (2013). Structural relations between personality traits, coping strategy, social support and well-being among Adolescents. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 21(S), 121– 134.
Westhead, P., & Solesvik, M. Z. (2016). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: Do female students benefit? International Small Business Journal, 34(8), 979-1003.
Wood, R., & Bandura, a. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 407–415.
Zeffane, R. (2015). Trust, personality, risk taking and entrepreneurship. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development.
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of applied psychology, 91(2), 259.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of applied psychology, 90(6), 1265.
Zhao, H., Seibert.Scott, & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). Journal of Management. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381–404.
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