Abstract
The Italian business system, characterized mostly by the presence of SMEs, makes interesting the analysis of the tools that promote their growth, including through investments in new digital technologies. Among these, the blockchain has the potential to ensure greater transparency of business processes, supporting their competitiveness and sustainability. SMEs show an attitude of closure towards the digitization process, very often neglecting the benefits both in terms of economic-financial performance and improving competitiveness and corporate sustainability. In light of the limited theoretical contributions on the subject, this study aims to analyze the relationship between sustainability and digital technologies in SMEs, analyzing a case study operating in the wine sector. The results show an increasing attention of SMEs to digital innovation, recognizing their potential advantages in terms of improving corporate sustainability policies.
References
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Bi, Z., & Cochran, D. (2014). Big data analytics with applications. Journal of Management Analytics, 1(4), 249–265.
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128–152.
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Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., & Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). BlockChain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review, 2.
Dawn, J., Bodonik, P., & Dhaliwal, J. (2002). Supporting the e-Business Readiness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Approaches and Metrics. Internet Research, 12(2), 139–195.
De Felice, A., Martucci, I., & Rinaldi, A. (2007). La competitività internazionale delle PMI: il caso di una azienda del settore tessile-abbigliamento in Puglia. Rivista Economica Del Mezzogiorno, 1, 209–242.
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Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
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Kamble, S. S., Gunasekaran, A., & Gawankar, S. A. (2020). Achieving sustainable performance in a data-driven agriculture supply chain: A review for research and applications. International Journal of Production Economics, 219(July 2018), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.05.022
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Lal, K. (2007). Globalisation and the Adoption of ICTs in Nigerian SMEs. Science, Technology & Society, 12(2), 217–244.
Lemieux, V. L. (2016). Trusting records: is Blockchain technology the answer? Records Management Journal, 26(2), 110–139. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-12-2015-0042
Lundvall, B. A., Johnson, B., Andersen, E. S., & Dalum, B. (2002). National systems of production, innovation and competence building. Research Policy, 31, 213–231.
Malerba, F. (1992). Learning by firm and incremental technical change. Economic Journal.
Maresova, P., Soukal, I., Svobodova, L., Hedvicakova, M., Javanmardi, E., Selamat, A., & Krejcar, O. (2018). Consequences of industry 4.0 in business and economics. Economies, 6(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies6030046
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Mendling, J., Weber, I., Aalst, W. M. P., Brocke, J. vom, Cabanillas, C., Daniel, F., Debois, S., Di Ciccio, C., Dumas, M., Dustdar, S., Gal, A., García-Bañuelos, L., Governatori, G., Hull, R., La Rosa, M., Leopold, H., Leymann, F., Recker, J., Reichert, M., & Zhu, L. (2018). Blockchains for Business Process Management - Challenges and Opportunities. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 9(1), 16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3183367
Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. (1982). Tracking strategy in an entrepreneurial firm. Academy of Management Journal, 25(3), 465–499.
Moeuf, A., Pellerin, R., Lamouri, S., Tamayo-Giraldo, S., & Barbaray, R. (2017). The industrial management of SMEs in the era of Industry 4.0. International Journal of Production Research, 56(3), 1118–1136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1372647
Morkunas, V. J., Paschen, J., & Boon, E. (2019). How blockchain technologies impact your business model. Business Horizons, 62(3), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.009
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: un sistema di moneta elettronica peertopeer.
Nayak, G., & Dhaigude, A. S. (2019). A conceptual model of sustainable supply chain management in small and medium enterprises using blockchain technology. Cogent Economics and Finance, 7(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1667184
Nofer, M., Gomber, P., Hinz, O., & Dirk, S. (2017). Blockchain. Business & Information Systems Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0467-3
O’Farrell, M., & Miller, S. J. M. (2002). The barriers to new technology diffusion in the construction industry of South Wales. In C. Miller, G. Packham, & B.
Thomas (Eds.), Current Issues in Small Construction Enterprise Development (pp. 123–137). Welsh Enterprise Institute, University of Glamorgan Business School.
OECD. (2019). OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019. OECD Publishing.
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation. In John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-10.2010
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, B., & Lal, K. (2006). Learning new technologies by small and medium enterprises in developing countries. Technovation, 26, 220–231.
Pappas, I. O., Mikalef, P., Giannakos, M. N., Krogstie, J., & Lekakos, G. (2018). Big data and business analytics ecosystems: paving the way towards digital transformation and sustainable societies. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 16(3), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-018-0377-z
Parida, V., Sjödin, D., & Reim, W. (2019). Reviewing literature on digitalization, business model innovation, and sustainable industry: Past achievements and future promises. Sustainability, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020391
Peake, W., & Marshall, M. I. (2017). Women’s management practices and performance in rural female-owned family businesses. Journal of Family Business Management, 7(2), 134–150. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-06-2016-0012
Prometeia. (2019). PMI, capisaldi dell’economia italiana.
Provenance. (2015). Blockchain : the solution for transparency in product supply chains.
Raymond, L. (2005). Operations Management and Advanced Manufacturing Technologies in SMEs. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 16, 936–955. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410380510627898.
Raymond, Louis. (2005). Operations management and advanced manufacturing technologies in SMEs: A contingency approach. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 16(8), 936–955. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410380510627898
Ritchie, B., & Brindley, C. (2005). ICT adoption by SMEs: implications for relationships and management. New Technology, Work and Employment, 20(3), 205–217.
Schmarzo, B. (2017). What is Digital Transformation?
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1997.00001.x
Smallbone, D., North, I., Vickers, D., & Roper, S. (2001). Innovation and the Use of Technology in Manufacturing Plants and SMEs: An Inter-regional Comparison. Proceedings 24th ISBA National Small Firms Conference: Exploring the Frontiers of Small Business (Hinckley, Leicester- Shire: ISBA), 289–308.
Songini, L., & Gnan, L. (2015). Family Involvement and Agency Cost Control Mechanisms in Family Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 748–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12085
Tao, F., Cheng, Q., Qi, Q., Zhang, H., & Sui, F. (2017). Digital twin-driven product design, manufacturing and service with big data. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0233-1
Tian, F. (2016). An information System for Food Safety Monitoring in Supply Chains based on HACCP, Blockchain and Internet of Things. EPubWU Institutional Repository, March.
Überbacher, R., Brozzi, R., & Matt, D. T. (2020). Innovation in craftsmanship family Smes in times of digitalization. Piccola Impresa / Small Business, 1. https://doi.org/10.14596/pisb.200
Whyte, C., Bouchlaghem, D., & Thorpe, T. (2002). IT Implementation in the construction organization. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 9(5/6), 371–377.
Wong, L. W., Leong, L. Y., Hew, J. J., Tan, G. W. H., & Ooi, K. B. (2020). Time to seize the digital evolution: Adoption of blockchain in operations and supply chain management among Malaysian SMEs. International Journal of Information Management, 52(August 2019), 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.005.
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Kindle Ed.). Sage Publications.
Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., & Smolander, K. (2016). Where is current research on Blockchain technology? - A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 11(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163477.
Zalan, T. (2017). Born Global on Blockchain. In Review of International Business and Strategy. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/ RIBS-08-2017-0069.
Adams, R., Kewell, B., & Parry, G. (2017). Blockchain for Good? Digital Ledger Technology and Sustainable Development Goals. In Handbook of Sustainability and Social Science Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67122-2_7
Anderson, F., & Schaan, S. (2001). Innovation, Advanced Technologies and Practices in the Construction and Related Industries: National Estimates. Survey of Innovation, Advanced Technologies and Practices in the Construction and Related Industries.
Berg, B. L. (2004). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Pearson.
Bi, Z., & Cochran, D. (2014). Big data analytics with applications. Journal of Management Analytics, 1(4), 249–265.
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128–152.
Cosic, R., Shanks, G., & Maynard, S. (2015). A business analytics capability framework. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 19(September), S5–S19. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v19i0.1150
Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., & Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). BlockChain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review, 2.
Dawn, J., Bodonik, P., & Dhaliwal, J. (2002). Supporting the e-Business Readiness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Approaches and Metrics. Internet Research, 12(2), 139–195.
De Felice, A., Martucci, I., & Rinaldi, A. (2007). La competitività internazionale delle PMI: il caso di una azienda del settore tessile-abbigliamento in Puglia. Rivista Economica Del Mezzogiorno, 1, 209–242.
Delmolino, K., Arnett, M., Kosba, A., Miller, A., & Shi, E. (2016). Step by step towards creating a safe smart contract: Lessons and insights from a cryptocurrency lab. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9604 LNCS, 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_6.
Drescher, D. (2017). Blockchain Basics A Non-Technical Introduction in 25 Steps. Apress.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
Feng, L., Zhang, H., Lou, L., & Chen, Y. (2018). A Blockchain-Based Collocation Storage Architecture for Data Security Process Platform of WSN. 2018 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design ((CSCWD)), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2018.8465319
Futurethinkers. (2017). 7 ways to adapt to our uncertain future. 15 factors that are changing the world, and what you can do about it.
Grubic, T., & Jennions, I. (2018). Remote monitoring technology and servitised strategies–factors characterising the organisational application. International Journal of Production Research, 56, 2133–2149.
Guo, Y., & Liang, C. (2016). Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation, 2(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9
Houghton, K.A., & Winklhofer, H. (2004). The Effect of Website and e-Commerce Adoption on the Relationship between SMEs and Their Export Intermediaries. International Small Business Journal, 22(4), 369–388.
Houghton, Kathryn A., & Winklhofer, H. (2004). The effect of website and e-commerce adoption on the relationship between SMEs and their export intermediaries. International Small Business Journal, 22(4), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242604044305
Hughes, A., Park, A., Kietzmann, J., & Archer-Brown, C. (2019). Beyond Bitcoin: What blockchain and distributed ledger technologies mean for firms. Business Horizons, 62(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.002
ISTAT. (2019). Rapporto sulla competitività dei settori produttivi. Edizione 2019.
Jovanović, M., Dlačić, J., & Okanović, M. (2018). Digitalization and society’s sustainable development – Measures and implications. Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakultet Au Rijeci, 36(2), 905–928. https://doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2018.2.905
Kamble, S. S., Gunasekaran, A., & Gawankar, S. A. (2020). Achieving sustainable performance in a data-driven agriculture supply chain: A review for research and applications. International Journal of Production Economics, 219(July 2018), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.05.022
Knirsch, F., Unterweger, A., & Engel, D. (2019). Implementing a blockchain from scratch: why, how, and what we learned. Eurasip Journal on Information Security, 2019(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-019-0085-3
Lacity, M. C. (2018). Addressing key challenges to making enterprise blockchain applications a reality. MIS Quarterly Executive, 17(3), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002777
Lal, K. (2007). Globalisation and the Adoption of ICTs in Nigerian SMEs. Science, Technology & Society, 12(2), 217–244.
Lemieux, V. L. (2016). Trusting records: is Blockchain technology the answer? Records Management Journal, 26(2), 110–139. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-12-2015-0042
Lundvall, B. A., Johnson, B., Andersen, E. S., & Dalum, B. (2002). National systems of production, innovation and competence building. Research Policy, 31, 213–231.
Malerba, F. (1992). Learning by firm and incremental technical change. Economic Journal.
Maresova, P., Soukal, I., Svobodova, L., Hedvicakova, M., Javanmardi, E., Selamat, A., & Krejcar, O. (2018). Consequences of industry 4.0 in business and economics. Economies, 6(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies6030046
Markus, M. L., & Robey, D. (1988). Information technology and organizational change: casual structure in theory and research. Management Science, 35(5), 583–598.
Mediobanca. (2020). Indagine sul settore vino di Mediobanca.
Mendling, J., Weber, I., Aalst, W. M. P., Brocke, J. vom, Cabanillas, C., Daniel, F., Debois, S., Di Ciccio, C., Dumas, M., Dustdar, S., Gal, A., García-Bañuelos, L., Governatori, G., Hull, R., La Rosa, M., Leopold, H., Leymann, F., Recker, J., Reichert, M., & Zhu, L. (2018). Blockchains for Business Process Management - Challenges and Opportunities. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 9(1), 16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3183367
Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. (1982). Tracking strategy in an entrepreneurial firm. Academy of Management Journal, 25(3), 465–499.
Moeuf, A., Pellerin, R., Lamouri, S., Tamayo-Giraldo, S., & Barbaray, R. (2017). The industrial management of SMEs in the era of Industry 4.0. International Journal of Production Research, 56(3), 1118–1136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1372647
Morkunas, V. J., Paschen, J., & Boon, E. (2019). How blockchain technologies impact your business model. Business Horizons, 62(3), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.009
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: un sistema di moneta elettronica peertopeer.
Nayak, G., & Dhaigude, A. S. (2019). A conceptual model of sustainable supply chain management in small and medium enterprises using blockchain technology. Cogent Economics and Finance, 7(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1667184
Nofer, M., Gomber, P., Hinz, O., & Dirk, S. (2017). Blockchain. Business & Information Systems Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0467-3
O’Farrell, M., & Miller, S. J. M. (2002). The barriers to new technology diffusion in the construction industry of South Wales. In C. Miller, G. Packham, & B.
Thomas (Eds.), Current Issues in Small Construction Enterprise Development (pp. 123–137). Welsh Enterprise Institute, University of Glamorgan Business School.
OECD. (2019). OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019. OECD Publishing.
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation. In John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-10.2010
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, B., & Lal, K. (2006). Learning new technologies by small and medium enterprises in developing countries. Technovation, 26, 220–231.
Pappas, I. O., Mikalef, P., Giannakos, M. N., Krogstie, J., & Lekakos, G. (2018). Big data and business analytics ecosystems: paving the way towards digital transformation and sustainable societies. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 16(3), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-018-0377-z
Parida, V., Sjödin, D., & Reim, W. (2019). Reviewing literature on digitalization, business model innovation, and sustainable industry: Past achievements and future promises. Sustainability, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020391
Peake, W., & Marshall, M. I. (2017). Women’s management practices and performance in rural female-owned family businesses. Journal of Family Business Management, 7(2), 134–150. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-06-2016-0012
Prometeia. (2019). PMI, capisaldi dell’economia italiana.
Provenance. (2015). Blockchain : the solution for transparency in product supply chains.
Raymond, L. (2005). Operations Management and Advanced Manufacturing Technologies in SMEs. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 16, 936–955. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410380510627898.
Raymond, Louis. (2005). Operations management and advanced manufacturing technologies in SMEs: A contingency approach. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 16(8), 936–955. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410380510627898
Ritchie, B., & Brindley, C. (2005). ICT adoption by SMEs: implications for relationships and management. New Technology, Work and Employment, 20(3), 205–217.
Schmarzo, B. (2017). What is Digital Transformation?
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1997.00001.x
Smallbone, D., North, I., Vickers, D., & Roper, S. (2001). Innovation and the Use of Technology in Manufacturing Plants and SMEs: An Inter-regional Comparison. Proceedings 24th ISBA National Small Firms Conference: Exploring the Frontiers of Small Business (Hinckley, Leicester- Shire: ISBA), 289–308.
Songini, L., & Gnan, L. (2015). Family Involvement and Agency Cost Control Mechanisms in Family Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 748–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12085
Tao, F., Cheng, Q., Qi, Q., Zhang, H., & Sui, F. (2017). Digital twin-driven product design, manufacturing and service with big data. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0233-1
Tian, F. (2016). An information System for Food Safety Monitoring in Supply Chains based on HACCP, Blockchain and Internet of Things. EPubWU Institutional Repository, March.
Überbacher, R., Brozzi, R., & Matt, D. T. (2020). Innovation in craftsmanship family Smes in times of digitalization. Piccola Impresa / Small Business, 1. https://doi.org/10.14596/pisb.200
Whyte, C., Bouchlaghem, D., & Thorpe, T. (2002). IT Implementation in the construction organization. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 9(5/6), 371–377.
Wong, L. W., Leong, L. Y., Hew, J. J., Tan, G. W. H., & Ooi, K. B. (2020). Time to seize the digital evolution: Adoption of blockchain in operations and supply chain management among Malaysian SMEs. International Journal of Information Management, 52(August 2019), 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.005.
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Kindle Ed.). Sage Publications.
Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., & Smolander, K. (2016). Where is current research on Blockchain technology? - A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 11(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163477.
Zalan, T. (2017). Born Global on Blockchain. In Review of International Business and Strategy. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/ RIBS-08-2017-0069.
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