Abstract
Italian industrial districts have always showed a high international openness which can be related first to their high propensity to export and, later, to their off-shoring activities in foreign countries. However, in the current competitive scenario, some enterprises are reconsidering their internationalization strategies, evaluating competitive conditions present in their district context and pursuing back-reshoring strategies. This work is placed in this field of studies and aims to provide a theoretical contribution in order to interpret the internationalization strategies of district enterprises, highlighting the antecedents of the back-reshoring and the emergence of a structural variety of strategic behavior in the international marketsReferences
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Technol-ogy Management, 25(3), 184-199. doi: 10.1016/j.jengtecman.2008.07.003
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Asheim, B. T. (1996). Industrial districts as ‘learning regions’: a condition for prosperity. European Planning Studies, 4(4), 379-400. doi: 10.1080/09654319608720354
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Becattini, G. (2002). Industrial sectors and industrial districts: Tools for industrial analysis. European Planning Studies, 10(4), 483-493. doi: 10.1080/09654310220130194
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Bontempi, M. E., & Prodi, G. (2009). Entry strategies into China: the choice be-tween joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises: an application to the Italian manufacturing sector. International Review of Economics & Finance, 18(1), 11-19. doi: 10.1016/j.iref.2008.02.007
Boschma, R. A., & Ter Wal, A. L. (2007). Knowledge networks and innovative performance in an industrial district: the case of a footwear district in the South of Italy. Industry and Innovation, 14(2), 177-199. doi: 10.1080/13662710701253441
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Camuffo, A. (2003). Transforming industrial districts: large firms and small busi-ness networks in the Italian eyewear industry. Industry and Innovation, 10(4), 377-401. doi: 10.1080/1366271032000163630
Camuffo, A., Furlan, A., Romano, P., & Vinelli, A. (2006). The process of supply network internationalization. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 12(3), 135-147. doi: 10.1016/j.pursup.2006.07.002
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Cersosimo, D., & Nisticò, R. (2001). Il'distretto'dell'intimo: istituzioni e sviluppo locale a Lavello. Meridiana.
Chevalier, M., & Lu, P. X. (2009). Luxury China: Market opportunities and poten-tial. John Wiley & Sons.
Chiarvesio, M., & Di Maria, E. (2009). Internationalization of supply networks in-side and outside clusters. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 29(11), 1186-1207. doi: 10.1108/01443570911000186
Chiarvesio M., & Di Maria E. (2006). Relazioni di mercato e interazione attraverso la rete: un rinnovamento nelle imprese distrettuali. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, (3).
Chiarvesio, M., Di Maria, E., & Micelli, S. (2010). Global value chains and open networks: the case of Italian industrial districts. European Planning Studies, 18(3), 333-350. doi: 10.1080/09654310903497637
Chung, H. F., Yang, Z., & Huang, P. H. (2015). How does organizational learning matter in strategic business performance? The contingency role of guanxi networking. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1216-1224. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.016
Dezan Shira & Associates (2014). China Retail Industry Report 2014, China Briefing.
Drauz, R. (2014). Re-insourcing as a manufacturing-strategic option during a cri-sis – Cases from the automobile industry. Journal of Business Research, 67(3), 346-353. Doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.01.004
Egger, H., & Egger, P. (2006). International outsourcing and the productivity of low-skilled labour in the UE. Economic Inquiry, 44(1), 98-108. doi: 10.1093/ei/cbi059
Ellram, L.M. (2013). Off-shoring, reshoring and the manufacturing location deci-sion. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 49(2), 3-5. doi: 10.1111/jscm.12023
Ellram, L. M., Tate, W. L., & Petersen, K. J. (2013). Offshoring and reshoring: an update on the manufacturing location decision. Journal of Supply Chain Man-agement, 49(2), 14-22. doi: 10.1111/jscm.12019
Ferrucci, L. & Varaldo, R. (1996). The evolutionary nature of the firm within in-dustrial districts. European Planning Studies, 4(1), 27-34. doi: 10.1080/09654319608720327
Fratocchi, L., Di Mauro, C., Barbieri, P., Nassimbeni, G., & Zanoni, A. (2014a). When manufacturing moves back: Concepts and questions. Journal of Pur-chasing and Supply Management, 20(1), 54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.pursup.2014.01.004
Fratocchi, L., Ancarani, A., Barbieri, P., Di Mauro, C., Nassimbeni, G., Sartor, M., Vignoli, M. & Zanoni, A. (2014b). Il back-reshoring manifatturiero nei processi di internazionalizzazione: inquadramento teorico ed evidenze empiriche, Paper presentato al XXVI Convengo annuale di Sinergie, Manifattura: quale futuro?, 13-14 novembre 2014, Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale.
Goodman, E. J., Bamford, J., & Saynor, P. (Eds.). (1989). Small firms and industrial districts in Italy. London: Routledge.
Grandinetti, R., & Zoratti, G. (2003), Processi formativi ed evoluzione nei distretti industriali: una prospettiva di analisi basata sull’economia della conoscenza, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, (2).
Grandinetti, R., & Rullani, E. (1996), Impresa transnazionale ed economia globa-le, Roma, Nuova Italia Scientifica.
Grappi, S., Romani, S., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2015). Consumer stakeholder re-sponses to reshoring strategies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sci-ence, 43(4), 453-471. doi: 10.1007/s11747-015-0432-y
Gray, J. V., Skowronski, K., Esenduran, G., & Johnny Rungtusanatham, M. (2013). The reshoring phenomenon: what supply chain academics ought to know and should do. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 49(2), 27-33. doi: 10.1111/jscm.12012
Gregori G.L., Temperini, V., & Perna, A. (2013). Quale possibile ruolo delle PMI nello sviluppo del marketing territoriale? Analisi del caso “Land of Value (LOV)”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, (1).
Hadjimichalis, C. (2006). The end of Third Italy as we knew it?. Antipode, 38(1), 82-106. doi: 10.1111/j.0066-4812.2006.00566.x
He, C. (2002). Information costs, agglomeration economies and the location of foreign direct investment in China. Regional studies, 36(9), 1029-1036. doi: 10.1080/0034340022000022530
Huang, Q., Davison, R. M., & Gu, J. (2008). Impact of personal and cultural fac-tors on knowledge sharing in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25(3), 451-471. doi: 10.1007/s10490-008-9095-2
Iammarino, S., & McCann, P. (2006). The structure and evolution of industrial clusters: Transactions, technology and knowledge spill-over. Research Policy, 35(7), 1018-1036. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.004
Il Sole 24 Ore (2016), Il reshoring spinge Falconeri, 4 novembre.
Il Sole 24 Ore (2015), Argo riporta i trattori in Emilia, 24 febbraio.
Il Sole 24 Ore (2014), Il gruppo Termal riporta la produzione dalla Cina a
Bologna ma si scontra con la Regione Emilia Romagna, 6 agosto.
International Labour Organization, (2013). Global Wage Report 2012/13. Wages and equitable growth, Geneva.
Iuzzolino, G., Pellegrini, G., & Viesti, G. (2011). Convergence among Italian re-gions, 1861-2011. Bank of Italy Economic History Working Paper, (22).
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1990). The mechanism of internationalisation. In-ternational marketing review, 7(4). doi: 10.1108/02651339010137414
Kinkel, S. (2014). Future and impact of backshoring – Some conclusions form 15 years of research on German practices. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 20(1), 63-65. doi: 10.1016/j.pursup.2014.01.005
Kinkel, S. (2012). Trends in production relocation and backshoring activities: Changing patterns in the course of the global economic crisis. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 32(6), 696-720. doi: 10.1108/01443571211230934
Kinkel, S., & Maloca, S. (2009). Drivers and antecedents of manufacturing off-shoring and backshoring – A German perspective. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 15(3), 154-165. Doi: 10.1016/j.pursup.2009.05.007
La Repubblica (2013), Good bye Cina: tornano in Italia bici, trekking e attacchi hi-tech, Affari e Finanza, 22 luglio.
Laroche, M., Papadopoulos, N., Heslop, L. A., & Mourali, M. (2005). The influ-ence of country image structure on consumer evaluations of foreign products. International Marketing Review, 22(1), 96-115. doi: 10.1108/02651330510581190
Leibl, P., Nischler, C., Morefield, R., & Pfeiffer, R. (2009). An analysis of Offshoring manufacturing to reduce costs. Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 21(1), 130-138.
Lo Turco, A. (2007). International outsourcing and productivity in Italian manufac-turing sectors. Rivista Italiana degli Economisti, 12(1), 125-146. doi: 10.1427/26275
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