Abstract
The aim of the paper is to develop and test a theoretical model concerning the relations among some variables of organisational design and the type and nature of the conflict in family firms. The theoretical model is developed through a variety of hypotheses which were tested by means of a survey on 175 firms registered at Italian Association of Family Businesses. In particular, conflict is analysed as a dependent variable with respect of: power concentration (measured in terms of founder centrality), formal governance mechanisms and generational involvement. The study examines how these three organizational features ultimately affect the functioning of a family firm, in terms of expected effect on task, process and relationship conflict. The results of empirical analysis confirmed that the level of power concentration directly influences task, process and relationship conflict, and that greater generational involvement fosters the development of relationship conflict.References
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Amason, A., Schweiger, D.M. (1994). Resolving the paradox of conflict, strategic decision making, and organizational performance. International Journal of Conflict Management,
5: 239-253.
Astrachan J.H., Klein S.B., Smyrnios K.X. (2002). The F-PEC Scale of Family Influence: A Proposal for Solving the Family Business Definition Problem. Family Business Review, 15(1),
45-58.
Astrachan, J. H., McMillan, K. S. (2003). Conflict and communication in the family business. Marietta, GA: Family Enterprise Publishers.
Beckhard, R., Dyer, W.G., Jr. (1983). SMR Forum: Managing change in the family firm-Issues and strategies. Sloan Management Review, 24, 59–65.
Benson B., Crego E.T., Drucker R.H. (1990), Your Family Business: A Success Guide for Growth and Survival, Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, IL (1990).
Buchanan, J.M. (1975). The Samaritan’s Dilemma. In Phelps, E. (Ed.), Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory, Russel Sage, New York, pp. 71-85.
Canonico, P., De Nito, E., Mangia, G., Mercurio, L., Pezzillo Iacono, M. (2011). Regulation issues in the Italian local transport industry: aligning transactions and governance structures, Journal of Management and Governance. Vol. 15.
Canonico, P., De Nito, E., Mangia, G., Mercurio, R., Esposito, V. (2009). Interpreting projects: bureaucratical mechanisms to enforce control or lever for change?, Organization and Management, 3(7), 5-16.
Cesaroni F.M., Sentuti A. (2010), Le nuove generazioni e la sfida della successione imprenditoriale. Analisi di alcuni casi di successo. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, n.2, p. 63
Chua, J.H., Chrisman, J.J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4), 19–39.
Consiglio, S. (1996), Azione manageriale e processo di cambiamento organizzativo, Sviluppo & Organizzazione, N. 155.
Cosier, R. A., Harvey, M. (1998). The hidden strengths in family business: Functional conflict. Family Business Review, 11(1), 75–79.
Danes S.M., Zuiker V., Kean R., Arbuthnot J. (1999). Predictors of Family Business Tensions and Goal Achievement, Family Business Review, 23(3), 241-252.
Davis, P.S., & Harveston P.D. (1999), In the Founder’s Shadow: Conflict in the Family Firm, Family Business Review, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 311-323.
De Dreu, C.K.W. (2006). When Too Little or Too Much Hurts: Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between Task Conflict and Innovation in Teams. Journal of Management, 32(1), 83-107.
De Dreu, C.K.W. & Van Vianen, A.E.M. (2001). Managing relationship conflict and the effectiveness of organizational teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 309–328.
De Massis A., Chua J.H, Chrisman J.J. (2008). Factors Preventing Intra-Family Succession, Family Business Review, 21(2), 183–199.
Dunn, B. (1995). Success themes in Scottish family enterprises: Philosophies and practice through the generations. Family Business Review, 8(1), 17-28
Dyer, W.G., Jr. (1986). Cultural change in family firms: Anticipating and managing business and family transition. San Francisco et al.: Jossey-Bass Publisher.
Eddleston, K. A., Otondo, R.F., & Kellermanns, F.W. (2008), Conflict, Participative Decision-Making, and Generational Ownership Dispersion: A Multilevel Analysis, Journal
of Small Business Management, 46(3), 456–484.
Eddleston, K., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2007), Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 545–565.
Fama E. (1980). Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm, Journal of Political Economy,88, 288-307.
Fama E., Jensen M. (1983). Separation of ownership and control, Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 301-325.
Gersick, K.E., Davis, J.A., Hampton, M.M., Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M. L., MacMillan, I. C. (2003). A unified system perspective of family firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 451-465.
Handler, W.C. (1989). Methodological issues and considerations in studying family businesses. Family Business Review, 2(3), 257–276.
Hartwick, J., Barki H. (2002). Conceptualizing the Construct of Interpersonal Conflict, Copyright École des HEC.
Harvey, M., Evans, R.E. (1994). Family business and multiple levels of conflict. Familiy Business Review, 7(4), 331–348.
Hoanga H., Gimeno J. (2010). Becoming a founder: How founder role identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 41-5.
Holt D.T., Rutherford M.W., & Kuratko D.F. (2010). Advancing the Field of Family Business Research: Further Testing the Measurement Properties of the F-PEC. Family Business Review, 23(1) 76–88.
Ibrahim A.B., McGuire J.B (2011). Family business research: an assessment and future directions, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 12(1), 1-14
Jehn, K. (1995), A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256--282.
Jehn, K. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530-557.
Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2),
238–251.
Jiraporn, P., Dadalt, P. J. (2009). Does founding family control affect earnings management? Applied Economics Letters, 16, 113-119.
Johnson, C. Ford, R. (2000). Emotional reactions to conflict: Do dependence and legitimacy matter? Social Forces, 79(1), 107–138.
Kellermanns F.W., Eddleston K.A. (2004), Feuding Families: When Conflict Does a Family Firm Good, Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice, Volume 28, Issue 3, 209–228.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265-284.
Kelly, L.M., Lewa, M., Kamaria, K., (2008). Founder Centrality, Management Team Congruence and Performance in Family Firms: A Kenyan Context. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(4), 383-40.
Kelly, L. M., Athanassiou, N., Crittenden, W.F. (2000). Founder Centrality and Strategic Behavior in the Family-Owned Firm. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25(2), 27-42.
Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news. Organizational dynamics, 21(3), 59-71.
Klein, S.B., Astrachan, J.H., Smyrnios, K.X. (2005). The F-PEC scale of family influence: Construction, validation, and further implication for theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 321-339.
Lansberg, I. (1983). Managing human resources in family firms: The problem of institutional overlap. Organizational Dynamics, 39–46.
Lazonick, W., Sullivan, M.O., (1998). Governance of Innovation for Economic Development, paper for the European Commission.
Levinson, H. (1971). Conflicts that plague family businesses. Harvard Business Review, 49, 90–98.
Ling, Y., Lubatkin, M., Schulze, B. (2002). Altruism, utility functions and agency problems at family firm. In C.S. Galbraith (a cura di): Strategies and organizations in transition:171–188.
Kidlington, UK:Elsevier Science Ltd.
Litz, R. A., Kleysen, R. F. (2001). Your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: Toward a theory of family firm innovation with help from the Brubeck family. Family Business Review, 14(4), 335–351.
Lubatkin M.H., Schulze W., Y. Ling, Dino R.N. (2005). The effects of parental altruism on the governance of family-managed firms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(3), 313–330.
Masciarelli F. Prencipe A. (2010), Dinamiche evolutive delle Imprese Familiari. Il ruolo del capitale umano e del capitale sociale nel ricambio generazionale. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, n.1, 47-60.
Masino G. (2005). Le imprese oltre il fordismo. Retorica, illusioni, realtà. Carocci, Roma. Martinez M., Pezzillo Iacono M. (2012). Se vogliamo che tutto rimanga come è, bisogna che tutto cambi. Management, Cambiamento e Legittimazione Istituzionale nelle Public Utilities in Italia. Management delle Utilities, vol. 1(12), pp.21-31.
Minichilli A., Corbetta G, McMillan I.C. (2010), Top Management Teams in Family-Controlled Companies: ‘Familiness’, ‘Faultlines’, and Their Impact on Financial Performance, Journal of Management Studies, 47(2), 205-222.
Molm, L.D., Peterson, G. and Takahashi, N. (1999). Power in negotiated and reciprocal exchange. America Sociological Review, 64, 876-90.
Moores, K. (2009). Paradigms and theory building in the domain of business families. Family Business Review, 22, 167-180.
Olson, P.D., Zuikera, V.S., Danes, S.M., Stafford, K.,. Heck, R.K.Z, Duncand, K.A (2003). The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 639-66.
Paoloni, M., Cesaroni, F.M., Demartini, P. (2005), Internazionalizzazione e comunicazione conomico-finanziaria delle piccole imprese, Franco Angeli, Milano.
Pezzillo Iacono, M., Esposito, V., Mercurio, R. (2012), Controllo manageriale e regolazione dell’identità organizzativa: la prospettiva dei Critical Management Studies, Management
Control,1, 7-26.
Pfeffer, J. (1992). Understanding power in organizations. California Management Review, 35, 29-50.
Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P. (2008). Family Involvement in Ownership and Management: Exploring Nonlinear Effects on Performance. Family Business Review, 21(4), 331–345,
Sharma, P. (2004). An Overview of the Field of Family Business Studies: Current Status and Directions for the Future. Family Business Review, 17(1), 1-36.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. (2003). Predictors of satisfaction with the succession process in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 667–687.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1), 1–35.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin M.H., Dino R.N., Buchholtz A.K. (2001), Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence, Organization Science, 12 (2), 99-116.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin, M.H., Dino, R.N. (2002). Altruism, agency, and the competitiveness of family firms. Management and Decision Economics, 23(4,5), 247–259.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin, M.H., Dino, R.N. (2003a). Exploring the agency consequences of ownership dispersion among the directors of private family firms. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2), 174–194.
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N. (2003b). Toward a theory of agency and altruism in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 473–490.
Shah, P., & Jehn, K. (1993). Do friends perform better than acquaintances? The interaction of friendship, conflict and task. Group Decision and Negotiation, 2, 149-166.
Songini, L., Gnan, L. (2010). Family involvement and agency cost control mechanisms in family firms. Family Business Review.
Sorenson, R., L. (1999). Conflict Management Strategies Used in Successful Family Businesses. Family Business Review, 12, 133-146.
Taguiri, R., Davis, J.A. (1992). On the goals of successful family companies. Family Business Review, 5(1), 43–62.
Thompson, J.D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York. McGraw-hill.
Yang, M. L. (2010). The impact of controlling families and family CEOs on earnings management. Family Business Review, 23, 266-279.
Ward J.L. (2011), Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership, Palgrave MacMillan.
Ward, J. L.(1997), Growing the Family Business: Special Challenges and Best Practices Family Business Review 10 (4), 323-337.
Weick, K. (1999). Sensemaking as an organizational dimension of global change. In D. Cooperrider, Dutton J. (a cura di), Organizational Dimensions of Global Change:No Limits
to Cooperation, 39-56, CA: Sage Publications.
Whiteside, M. F., Brown, F. H. (1991). Drawbacks of a dual systems approach to family firms: Can we expand our thinking? Family Business Review, 4, 383-385.
Zellweger, T.M., Eddleston, K.A., Kellermanns, F.W. (2010), Exploring the concept of familiness: Introducing family firm identity. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(1), 54-63.
Zellweger T.M., Nason R.S. (2008), A Stakeholder Perspective on Family Firm Performance, Family Business Review, 12(3), 203-216.
Amason, A., Schweiger, D.M. (1994). Resolving the paradox of conflict, strategic decision making, and organizational performance. International Journal of Conflict Management,
5: 239-253.
Astrachan J.H., Klein S.B., Smyrnios K.X. (2002). The F-PEC Scale of Family Influence: A Proposal for Solving the Family Business Definition Problem. Family Business Review, 15(1),
45-58.
Astrachan, J. H., McMillan, K. S. (2003). Conflict and communication in the family business. Marietta, GA: Family Enterprise Publishers.
Beckhard, R., Dyer, W.G., Jr. (1983). SMR Forum: Managing change in the family firm-Issues and strategies. Sloan Management Review, 24, 59–65.
Benson B., Crego E.T., Drucker R.H. (1990), Your Family Business: A Success Guide for Growth and Survival, Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, IL (1990).
Buchanan, J.M. (1975). The Samaritan’s Dilemma. In Phelps, E. (Ed.), Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory, Russel Sage, New York, pp. 71-85.
Canonico, P., De Nito, E., Mangia, G., Mercurio, L., Pezzillo Iacono, M. (2011). Regulation issues in the Italian local transport industry: aligning transactions and governance structures, Journal of Management and Governance. Vol. 15.
Canonico, P., De Nito, E., Mangia, G., Mercurio, R., Esposito, V. (2009). Interpreting projects: bureaucratical mechanisms to enforce control or lever for change?, Organization and Management, 3(7), 5-16.
Cesaroni F.M., Sentuti A. (2010), Le nuove generazioni e la sfida della successione imprenditoriale. Analisi di alcuni casi di successo. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, n.2, p. 63
Chua, J.H., Chrisman, J.J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4), 19–39.
Consiglio, S. (1996), Azione manageriale e processo di cambiamento organizzativo, Sviluppo & Organizzazione, N. 155.
Cosier, R. A., Harvey, M. (1998). The hidden strengths in family business: Functional conflict. Family Business Review, 11(1), 75–79.
Danes S.M., Zuiker V., Kean R., Arbuthnot J. (1999). Predictors of Family Business Tensions and Goal Achievement, Family Business Review, 23(3), 241-252.
Davis, P.S., & Harveston P.D. (1999), In the Founder’s Shadow: Conflict in the Family Firm, Family Business Review, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 311-323.
De Dreu, C.K.W. (2006). When Too Little or Too Much Hurts: Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between Task Conflict and Innovation in Teams. Journal of Management, 32(1), 83-107.
De Dreu, C.K.W. & Van Vianen, A.E.M. (2001). Managing relationship conflict and the effectiveness of organizational teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 309–328.
De Massis A., Chua J.H, Chrisman J.J. (2008). Factors Preventing Intra-Family Succession, Family Business Review, 21(2), 183–199.
Dunn, B. (1995). Success themes in Scottish family enterprises: Philosophies and practice through the generations. Family Business Review, 8(1), 17-28
Dyer, W.G., Jr. (1986). Cultural change in family firms: Anticipating and managing business and family transition. San Francisco et al.: Jossey-Bass Publisher.
Eddleston, K. A., Otondo, R.F., & Kellermanns, F.W. (2008), Conflict, Participative Decision-Making, and Generational Ownership Dispersion: A Multilevel Analysis, Journal
of Small Business Management, 46(3), 456–484.
Eddleston, K., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2007), Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 545–565.
Fama E. (1980). Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm, Journal of Political Economy,88, 288-307.
Fama E., Jensen M. (1983). Separation of ownership and control, Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 301-325.
Gersick, K.E., Davis, J.A., Hampton, M.M., Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M. L., MacMillan, I. C. (2003). A unified system perspective of family firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 451-465.
Handler, W.C. (1989). Methodological issues and considerations in studying family businesses. Family Business Review, 2(3), 257–276.
Hartwick, J., Barki H. (2002). Conceptualizing the Construct of Interpersonal Conflict, Copyright École des HEC.
Harvey, M., Evans, R.E. (1994). Family business and multiple levels of conflict. Familiy Business Review, 7(4), 331–348.
Hoanga H., Gimeno J. (2010). Becoming a founder: How founder role identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 41-5.
Holt D.T., Rutherford M.W., & Kuratko D.F. (2010). Advancing the Field of Family Business Research: Further Testing the Measurement Properties of the F-PEC. Family Business Review, 23(1) 76–88.
Ibrahim A.B., McGuire J.B (2011). Family business research: an assessment and future directions, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 12(1), 1-14
Jehn, K. (1995), A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256--282.
Jehn, K. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530-557.
Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2),
238–251.
Jiraporn, P., Dadalt, P. J. (2009). Does founding family control affect earnings management? Applied Economics Letters, 16, 113-119.
Johnson, C. Ford, R. (2000). Emotional reactions to conflict: Do dependence and legitimacy matter? Social Forces, 79(1), 107–138.
Kellermanns F.W., Eddleston K.A. (2004), Feuding Families: When Conflict Does a Family Firm Good, Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice, Volume 28, Issue 3, 209–228.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265-284.
Kelly, L.M., Lewa, M., Kamaria, K., (2008). Founder Centrality, Management Team Congruence and Performance in Family Firms: A Kenyan Context. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(4), 383-40.
Kelly, L. M., Athanassiou, N., Crittenden, W.F. (2000). Founder Centrality and Strategic Behavior in the Family-Owned Firm. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25(2), 27-42.
Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news. Organizational dynamics, 21(3), 59-71.
Klein, S.B., Astrachan, J.H., Smyrnios, K.X. (2005). The F-PEC scale of family influence: Construction, validation, and further implication for theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 321-339.
Lansberg, I. (1983). Managing human resources in family firms: The problem of institutional overlap. Organizational Dynamics, 39–46.
Lazonick, W., Sullivan, M.O., (1998). Governance of Innovation for Economic Development, paper for the European Commission.
Levinson, H. (1971). Conflicts that plague family businesses. Harvard Business Review, 49, 90–98.
Ling, Y., Lubatkin, M., Schulze, B. (2002). Altruism, utility functions and agency problems at family firm. In C.S. Galbraith (a cura di): Strategies and organizations in transition:171–188.
Kidlington, UK:Elsevier Science Ltd.
Litz, R. A., Kleysen, R. F. (2001). Your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: Toward a theory of family firm innovation with help from the Brubeck family. Family Business Review, 14(4), 335–351.
Lubatkin M.H., Schulze W., Y. Ling, Dino R.N. (2005). The effects of parental altruism on the governance of family-managed firms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(3), 313–330.
Masciarelli F. Prencipe A. (2010), Dinamiche evolutive delle Imprese Familiari. Il ruolo del capitale umano e del capitale sociale nel ricambio generazionale. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, n.1, 47-60.
Masino G. (2005). Le imprese oltre il fordismo. Retorica, illusioni, realtà. Carocci, Roma. Martinez M., Pezzillo Iacono M. (2012). Se vogliamo che tutto rimanga come è, bisogna che tutto cambi. Management, Cambiamento e Legittimazione Istituzionale nelle Public Utilities in Italia. Management delle Utilities, vol. 1(12), pp.21-31.
Minichilli A., Corbetta G, McMillan I.C. (2010), Top Management Teams in Family-Controlled Companies: ‘Familiness’, ‘Faultlines’, and Their Impact on Financial Performance, Journal of Management Studies, 47(2), 205-222.
Molm, L.D., Peterson, G. and Takahashi, N. (1999). Power in negotiated and reciprocal exchange. America Sociological Review, 64, 876-90.
Moores, K. (2009). Paradigms and theory building in the domain of business families. Family Business Review, 22, 167-180.
Olson, P.D., Zuikera, V.S., Danes, S.M., Stafford, K.,. Heck, R.K.Z, Duncand, K.A (2003). The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 639-66.
Paoloni, M., Cesaroni, F.M., Demartini, P. (2005), Internazionalizzazione e comunicazione conomico-finanziaria delle piccole imprese, Franco Angeli, Milano.
Pezzillo Iacono, M., Esposito, V., Mercurio, R. (2012), Controllo manageriale e regolazione dell’identità organizzativa: la prospettiva dei Critical Management Studies, Management
Control,1, 7-26.
Pfeffer, J. (1992). Understanding power in organizations. California Management Review, 35, 29-50.
Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P. (2008). Family Involvement in Ownership and Management: Exploring Nonlinear Effects on Performance. Family Business Review, 21(4), 331–345,
Sharma, P. (2004). An Overview of the Field of Family Business Studies: Current Status and Directions for the Future. Family Business Review, 17(1), 1-36.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. (2003). Predictors of satisfaction with the succession process in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 667–687.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1), 1–35.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin M.H., Dino R.N., Buchholtz A.K. (2001), Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence, Organization Science, 12 (2), 99-116.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin, M.H., Dino, R.N. (2002). Altruism, agency, and the competitiveness of family firms. Management and Decision Economics, 23(4,5), 247–259.
Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin, M.H., Dino, R.N. (2003a). Exploring the agency consequences of ownership dispersion among the directors of private family firms. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2), 174–194.
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N. (2003b). Toward a theory of agency and altruism in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 473–490.
Shah, P., & Jehn, K. (1993). Do friends perform better than acquaintances? The interaction of friendship, conflict and task. Group Decision and Negotiation, 2, 149-166.
Songini, L., Gnan, L. (2010). Family involvement and agency cost control mechanisms in family firms. Family Business Review.
Sorenson, R., L. (1999). Conflict Management Strategies Used in Successful Family Businesses. Family Business Review, 12, 133-146.
Taguiri, R., Davis, J.A. (1992). On the goals of successful family companies. Family Business Review, 5(1), 43–62.
Thompson, J.D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York. McGraw-hill.
Yang, M. L. (2010). The impact of controlling families and family CEOs on earnings management. Family Business Review, 23, 266-279.
Ward J.L. (2011), Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership, Palgrave MacMillan.
Ward, J. L.(1997), Growing the Family Business: Special Challenges and Best Practices Family Business Review 10 (4), 323-337.
Weick, K. (1999). Sensemaking as an organizational dimension of global change. In D. Cooperrider, Dutton J. (a cura di), Organizational Dimensions of Global Change:No Limits
to Cooperation, 39-56, CA: Sage Publications.
Whiteside, M. F., Brown, F. H. (1991). Drawbacks of a dual systems approach to family firms: Can we expand our thinking? Family Business Review, 4, 383-385.
Zellweger, T.M., Eddleston, K.A., Kellermanns, F.W. (2010), Exploring the concept of familiness: Introducing family firm identity. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(1), 54-63.
Zellweger T.M., Nason R.S. (2008), A Stakeholder Perspective on Family Firm Performance, Family Business Review, 12(3), 203-216.
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