Abstract
This conceptual paper analyses why social capital is important for entrepreneurial intentions.The concept of social capital identifies a social component of factors that shapeeconomic growth. It argues that social capital has an important role both on individualand regional level for entrepreneurial activity. The contribution of social capital theory inunderstanding the entrepreneurial intentions remains rather under explored. The trust theymay be built between firms, networks and co-operative norms could facilitate a more rapidflow of information. This could have implications for entrepreneurial research. This paperdoes not attempt to treat all aspects of the concept of social capital. It is difficult to arriveto a precise definition of this term and this issue will be discussed. The working definitionis emerging in an interdisciplinary literature and refers to networks, norms and cooperationbetween individuals and groups. Some work measure trust (e.g. Coleman 1988, 1990)as a part of social capital but this study looks at trust as an outcome of social capital (e.g.Woolcock 2001). By providing a concise working definition of social capital, this paper analyseswhy it is important for entrepreneurial intentions and therefore also to policy-makersand regional development. The intension models are widely used and tested (e.g. Ajzen1985, 1991, Krueger 1993, Krueger et al. 2000) but they still leave some questions aboutbehaviour and the factors that influence it. Ajzen and Fishbein modified their model asrecently as 2005. Their latest model presents background factors and normative and behaviouralbeliefs. This paper also offers a discussion of how entrepreneurial intention modelscould be developed.References
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Adler P. S. and S-W Kwon (2002): “Social capital: prospects for a new concept”. Academy of Management Review vol. 27(1), pp. 17-40.
Ajzen I. and M. Fishbein (1970): “The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 6, pp. 466-487.
Ajzen, I. (1982): “On behaving in accordance with one’s attitudes” in Consistency in social behavior: The Ontario symposium ed by M. P. Zanna, E. T. Higgins & C. P. Herman Hillsdale, vol. 2, pp. 3-15. NJ: Erlbaum.
Ajzen I. and T.J. Madden (1986): “Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22, pp.
453-474.
Ajzen I. (1985): “From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior” in Action Control From cognition to behavior ed by J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann pp. 11-39. Springer-Verlag.
Ajzen I. (1991): “The theory of planned behavior”.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, pp. 179-211.
Ajzen I. (2002): “Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control and the theory of planned behavior”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology6, pp. 107-122.
Ajzen I, T.C. Brown and F. Carvajal (2004): “Explaining the discrepancy between intentions and actions: the case of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30(9), pp. 1108-1121.
Ajzen I. and M. Fishbein (2005): “The influence of attitudes on behavior” in The handbook of attitudes ed by D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson and M. P. Zanna, pp. 173-221. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London.
Ajzen, I. and A. S. R. Manstead (2007): “Changing health-related behaviors: An approach based on the theory of planned behavior” In The scope of social psychology: Theory and
applications ed by K. van den Bos, M. Hewstone, J. de Wit, H. Schut & M. Stroebe , pp. 43-63. Psychology Press: New York.
Aldrich H. (2004): Organizations evolving. Sage Publications: London.
Bagozzi R. P. (1992): “The self regulation of attitudes, intentions and behavior”. Social Psychology Quarterly vol. 55 (2), pp. 178-204.
Baker W. (1990): “Market networks and corporate behavior”. American Journal of Sociology 96(3), pp. 589-625.
Bandura A. (1982): “Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency”. American Psychologist vol. 37(2); pp. 122-147.
Baron R.A. and G.D. Markman (2003): “Beyond social capital: the role of entrepreneurs’ social competence in their financial success”. Journal of Business Venturing 18(1), pp.41-60.
Becker G.S. (1964/1975): Human capital. A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. New York: Columbia University.
Ben-Porath Y. (1980): “The F-connection: families, friends and firms and the organization of exchange”. Population and Development Review 6, pp. 1-30.
Bird B. (1988): “Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case of intention”. Academy of Management Review vol. 13(3); pp. 442-453.
Bird B and Mariann Jelinek (1988): “The operation of entrepreneurial intensions”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 13(2), pp. 21-29.
Bird B. (1992): “The operation of intentions in time: the emergence of the new venture”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 17(1), pp. 11-20.
Birley S. (1985): “The role of networks in entrepreneurial process”. In Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: 1985 dynamics Ed by J.A. Hornaday et al. pp. 325-337. Wellesley MA:
Babson College.
Bourdieu P. (1986): “The forms of capital”. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Ed by J.E. Richardson, pp. 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu P. (1989): “Social space and symbolic power”. Sociological Theory 7(1), pp. 14-25.
Boyd N.G. and G.S. Vozikis (1994): “The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18(4), pp.
63-77.
Brockhaus R. (1980): “Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs”. Academy of Management Journal 23 (3), pp. 509-520.
Brännback M., J. Elfving, U. Hytti, P. Malinen and T-L Pohja (2006): Adjusting local and regional to national and global – the Turku innovation environment. Research papers Åbo Akademi
University.
Burt R. S. (1992): Structural holes. The social structure of competition. Harvard University Press Cambridge MA.
Burt R.S. (2001): “The social capital of structural holes”. In New directions in economic sociology ed by M.F. Guillén, R. Collins, P. England and M.Meyer, pp.201-250. Sage: NewYork.
Coleman J. S. (1988):”Social capital in the creation of human capital”. American Journal of Sociology vol. 94, pp. S95-S120.
Coleman J.S. (1990/1994): Foundations of social theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Coleman J. S. (2000):”Social capital in the creation of human capital” in Knowledge and social capital, foundations and applications Ed by E. L. Lessner, pp.17-41. Butterworth
Heinemann: Boston.
De Carolis D.M. and P. Saparito (2006): “Social capital and entrepreneurial opportunities: a theoretical framework”. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 30(1), pp.41-56.
Drucker P. F. (1985): Innovation and entrepreneurship. Harper and Row Publishers NewYork, First Harper edition 1993.
Eurobarometer (1997) 44.30VR http://www.gesis.org/en/services/data/survey-data/eurobarometer/standard-eb/
study-overview/eurobarometer-443ovr-za-2830-feb-apr-1996/. Accessed 3.4.2007
Field, J. (2003): Social Capital. London: Routledge
Fishbein M. and I. Ajzen (1975): Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: an introduction to theory and research Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Fukuyama F. (1995): “Social capital and the global economy” Foreign Affairs 74(5), pp.89-103
Fukuyama F. (1999): “Social capital and civil society” International Monetary Fund, Conference on Second Generation Reforms.
http://internationalmonetaryfund.com/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htm. Accessed 26.8.2008
Gartner W. B. (1988): “Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question”. American Journal of Small Business 12(4) pp. 11-32.
Granovetter M. (1973): “The strength of weak ties.” The American Sociological Review vol. 78(6), pp. 1360-1380.
Granovetter M. (1985): “Economic action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” The American Sociological Review vol. 91(3), pp. 481-510.
Gulati R. (1998): “Alliances and networks”. Strategic Management Journal vol. 19(4), pp. 293-317.
Hite J. M. and W. S. Hesterly (2001): “The evaluation of firm networks. From emergence to early growth of firms”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22(3), pp. 275-286.
Honig B. (1998): “What determines success? Examining the human, financial and social capital of Jamaican entrepreneurs”. Journal of Business Venturing 13(5), pp. 371-394.
Jacobs J. (1961): The death and life of great American cities. Random House: New York.
Kawachi I., B. Kennedy, K.Lochner and D.Prothrow-Stith (1997): “Social capital, income inequality and mortality”. American Journal of Public Health 87(9), pp.1491-1498
Knack s. and P. Keefer (1997): “Does social capital have an economic payoff? A country investigation”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4), pp. 1251-1288
Krueger N. (1993): “The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability”. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice 18(1), pp. 5-21.
Krueger N. and A. Carsrud (1993): “Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behavior”. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 5, pp 315-330.
Krueger N. and P. R. Dickson (1994): “How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition” .Decision Sciences vol. 25(3), pp.385-
400.
Krueger N.F, M. D. Reilly and A. L. Carsrud (2000):”Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”. Journal in Business Venturing 15, pp. 411-432.
Lin N., W. Ensel and J. Waughn (1981): “Social resources and strength of ties: structural factors in occupational status attainment”. American Sociological Review 46(4), pp. 393-405.
Lin N. (1999): “Building a network theory of social capital”. Connections 22(1): pp. 28-51.
Lin N. (2001): Social capital, a theory of social structure and action Cambridge University Press 2007 reprinted edition.
Lorenzen M. (2007): “Social capital and localised learning: proximity and place in technological and institutional dynamics”. Urban Studies 44(4), pp. 799-817
Markman G. D. and R. A. Baron (2003):”Person entrepreneurship fit: why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others”. Human Resource Management Review 13(2), pp.281-301.
Marx K. (1867/1995): Capital: a new abridgement. Ed by D. McLellan. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Mitchell, R.K., L. Busenitz, T. Lant, P.P. McDougal, E. A. Morse and J. B. Smith (2002): “Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: rethinking the people side of entrepreneur-
ship research”. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice 27(2), pp. 93-104.
Mitchell, R.K, L.W. Busenitz, B. Bird, C.M. Gaglio, J.S. McMullan, E. A. Morse and J. Smith (2007): “The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007”. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice 31(1), pp. 1-27.
Nahapiet J. and S. Ghoshal (1998): “Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage”. Academy of Management Review vol. 23(2), pp. 242-266.
Narayan D.and M.F. Cassidy (2001): “A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: development and validation of a social inventory”. Current Sociology 49(2), pp.59-102
Portes A. and J. Sensenbrenner (1993): “Embeddedness and immigration: notes on the social determinants of economic action”. American Journal of Sociology 98(6), pp. 1320-1350
Portes A. (1998): “Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology” Annual Review of Sociology 24, pp 1-24.
Putnam R.D. (1993):”The prosperous community: social capital and public life”. American Prospect 13, pp.35-42.
Putnam R.D. (1995): “Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital”. Journal of Democracy 6(1), pp.65-78.
Putnam R.D. (2000): Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster
Putnam R.D. (2001): “Social capital: measurement and consequences” www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/6/1825848.pdf. Accessed 1.8.2008
Reynolds P.D. (1991): “Sociology and entrepreneurship: concepts and contributions”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice vol. 16(2), pp. 47-70.
Ruef M., H.E. Aldrich and N.M. Carter (2003): “The structure of founding teams: homophily, strong ties and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs”. American Sociological Review 68, pp.195-222.
Shane S. and S. Venkataraman (2000) “The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research”. Academy of Management Review 25(1), pp.217-226.
Shane S. (2003): A general theory of entrepreneurship, Edgar Elgar Cheltenham. Shapero A. and L. Sokol (1985): “The social dimensions of entrepreneurship” in Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship Ed by Calvin A. Kent, Donald L. Sexton and Karl H. Vesper pp. 72-90, Prentice-Hall New Jersey.
Stevenson H. H. and J. C. Jarillo (1990): “A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management”. Strategic Management Journal, vol.11, special issue, pp. 17-27.
Uzzi B. (1996): “Social structure and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: the network effect”. American Sociological Review 61(4), pp.
674-698
Uzzi B. (1997): “Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness”. Administrative Science Quarterly vol. 42(1), pp. 35-67.
Wilken P.H. (1979): Entrepreneurship: A comparative and historical study Norwood, NJ Ablex.
Woolcock M. (1998): “Social capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework”. Theory and Society 27(2), pp. 151-208.
Woolcock M. and D. Narayan (2000): “Social capital: implications for development theory, research and policy”. World Bank Research Observer 15(2), pp. 225-249
Woolcock M. (2001): “The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes” in The contribution of human and social capital to sustained economic growth and wellbeing: International symposium report Ed by J.F. Helliwell, Human Resources Development Canada and OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/13/1824913.pdf. Accessed
1.9.2008
Adler P. S. and S-W Kwon (2002): “Social capital: prospects for a new concept”. Academy of Management Review vol. 27(1), pp. 17-40.
Ajzen I. and M. Fishbein (1970): “The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 6, pp. 466-487.
Ajzen, I. (1982): “On behaving in accordance with one’s attitudes” in Consistency in social behavior: The Ontario symposium ed by M. P. Zanna, E. T. Higgins & C. P. Herman Hillsdale, vol. 2, pp. 3-15. NJ: Erlbaum.
Ajzen I. and T.J. Madden (1986): “Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22, pp.
453-474.
Ajzen I. (1985): “From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior” in Action Control From cognition to behavior ed by J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann pp. 11-39. Springer-Verlag.
Ajzen I. (1991): “The theory of planned behavior”.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, pp. 179-211.
Ajzen I. (2002): “Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control and the theory of planned behavior”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology6, pp. 107-122.
Ajzen I, T.C. Brown and F. Carvajal (2004): “Explaining the discrepancy between intentions and actions: the case of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30(9), pp. 1108-1121.
Ajzen I. and M. Fishbein (2005): “The influence of attitudes on behavior” in The handbook of attitudes ed by D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson and M. P. Zanna, pp. 173-221. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London.
Ajzen, I. and A. S. R. Manstead (2007): “Changing health-related behaviors: An approach based on the theory of planned behavior” In The scope of social psychology: Theory and
applications ed by K. van den Bos, M. Hewstone, J. de Wit, H. Schut & M. Stroebe , pp. 43-63. Psychology Press: New York.
Aldrich H. (2004): Organizations evolving. Sage Publications: London.
Bagozzi R. P. (1992): “The self regulation of attitudes, intentions and behavior”. Social Psychology Quarterly vol. 55 (2), pp. 178-204.
Baker W. (1990): “Market networks and corporate behavior”. American Journal of Sociology 96(3), pp. 589-625.
Bandura A. (1982): “Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency”. American Psychologist vol. 37(2); pp. 122-147.
Baron R.A. and G.D. Markman (2003): “Beyond social capital: the role of entrepreneurs’ social competence in their financial success”. Journal of Business Venturing 18(1), pp.41-60.
Becker G.S. (1964/1975): Human capital. A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. New York: Columbia University.
Ben-Porath Y. (1980): “The F-connection: families, friends and firms and the organization of exchange”. Population and Development Review 6, pp. 1-30.
Bird B. (1988): “Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case of intention”. Academy of Management Review vol. 13(3); pp. 442-453.
Bird B and Mariann Jelinek (1988): “The operation of entrepreneurial intensions”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 13(2), pp. 21-29.
Bird B. (1992): “The operation of intentions in time: the emergence of the new venture”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 17(1), pp. 11-20.
Birley S. (1985): “The role of networks in entrepreneurial process”. In Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: 1985 dynamics Ed by J.A. Hornaday et al. pp. 325-337. Wellesley MA:
Babson College.
Bourdieu P. (1986): “The forms of capital”. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Ed by J.E. Richardson, pp. 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu P. (1989): “Social space and symbolic power”. Sociological Theory 7(1), pp. 14-25.
Boyd N.G. and G.S. Vozikis (1994): “The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18(4), pp.
63-77.
Brockhaus R. (1980): “Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs”. Academy of Management Journal 23 (3), pp. 509-520.
Brännback M., J. Elfving, U. Hytti, P. Malinen and T-L Pohja (2006): Adjusting local and regional to national and global – the Turku innovation environment. Research papers Åbo Akademi
University.
Burt R. S. (1992): Structural holes. The social structure of competition. Harvard University Press Cambridge MA.
Burt R.S. (2001): “The social capital of structural holes”. In New directions in economic sociology ed by M.F. Guillén, R. Collins, P. England and M.Meyer, pp.201-250. Sage: NewYork.
Coleman J. S. (1988):”Social capital in the creation of human capital”. American Journal of Sociology vol. 94, pp. S95-S120.
Coleman J.S. (1990/1994): Foundations of social theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Coleman J. S. (2000):”Social capital in the creation of human capital” in Knowledge and social capital, foundations and applications Ed by E. L. Lessner, pp.17-41. Butterworth
Heinemann: Boston.
De Carolis D.M. and P. Saparito (2006): “Social capital and entrepreneurial opportunities: a theoretical framework”. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 30(1), pp.41-56.
Drucker P. F. (1985): Innovation and entrepreneurship. Harper and Row Publishers NewYork, First Harper edition 1993.
Eurobarometer (1997) 44.30VR http://www.gesis.org/en/services/data/survey-data/eurobarometer/standard-eb/
study-overview/eurobarometer-443ovr-za-2830-feb-apr-1996/. Accessed 3.4.2007
Field, J. (2003): Social Capital. London: Routledge
Fishbein M. and I. Ajzen (1975): Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: an introduction to theory and research Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Fukuyama F. (1995): “Social capital and the global economy” Foreign Affairs 74(5), pp.89-103
Fukuyama F. (1999): “Social capital and civil society” International Monetary Fund, Conference on Second Generation Reforms.
http://internationalmonetaryfund.com/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htm. Accessed 26.8.2008
Gartner W. B. (1988): “Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question”. American Journal of Small Business 12(4) pp. 11-32.
Granovetter M. (1973): “The strength of weak ties.” The American Sociological Review vol. 78(6), pp. 1360-1380.
Granovetter M. (1985): “Economic action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” The American Sociological Review vol. 91(3), pp. 481-510.
Gulati R. (1998): “Alliances and networks”. Strategic Management Journal vol. 19(4), pp. 293-317.
Hite J. M. and W. S. Hesterly (2001): “The evaluation of firm networks. From emergence to early growth of firms”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22(3), pp. 275-286.
Honig B. (1998): “What determines success? Examining the human, financial and social capital of Jamaican entrepreneurs”. Journal of Business Venturing 13(5), pp. 371-394.
Jacobs J. (1961): The death and life of great American cities. Random House: New York.
Kawachi I., B. Kennedy, K.Lochner and D.Prothrow-Stith (1997): “Social capital, income inequality and mortality”. American Journal of Public Health 87(9), pp.1491-1498
Knack s. and P. Keefer (1997): “Does social capital have an economic payoff? A country investigation”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4), pp. 1251-1288
Krueger N. (1993): “The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability”. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice 18(1), pp. 5-21.
Krueger N. and A. Carsrud (1993): “Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behavior”. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 5, pp 315-330.
Krueger N. and P. R. Dickson (1994): “How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition” .Decision Sciences vol. 25(3), pp.385-
400.
Krueger N.F, M. D. Reilly and A. L. Carsrud (2000):”Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”. Journal in Business Venturing 15, pp. 411-432.
Lin N., W. Ensel and J. Waughn (1981): “Social resources and strength of ties: structural factors in occupational status attainment”. American Sociological Review 46(4), pp. 393-405.
Lin N. (1999): “Building a network theory of social capital”. Connections 22(1): pp. 28-51.
Lin N. (2001): Social capital, a theory of social structure and action Cambridge University Press 2007 reprinted edition.
Lorenzen M. (2007): “Social capital and localised learning: proximity and place in technological and institutional dynamics”. Urban Studies 44(4), pp. 799-817
Markman G. D. and R. A. Baron (2003):”Person entrepreneurship fit: why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others”. Human Resource Management Review 13(2), pp.281-301.
Marx K. (1867/1995): Capital: a new abridgement. Ed by D. McLellan. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Mitchell, R.K., L. Busenitz, T. Lant, P.P. McDougal, E. A. Morse and J. B. Smith (2002): “Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: rethinking the people side of entrepreneur-
ship research”. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice 27(2), pp. 93-104.
Mitchell, R.K, L.W. Busenitz, B. Bird, C.M. Gaglio, J.S. McMullan, E. A. Morse and J. Smith (2007): “The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007”. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice 31(1), pp. 1-27.
Nahapiet J. and S. Ghoshal (1998): “Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage”. Academy of Management Review vol. 23(2), pp. 242-266.
Narayan D.and M.F. Cassidy (2001): “A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: development and validation of a social inventory”. Current Sociology 49(2), pp.59-102
Portes A. and J. Sensenbrenner (1993): “Embeddedness and immigration: notes on the social determinants of economic action”. American Journal of Sociology 98(6), pp. 1320-1350
Portes A. (1998): “Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology” Annual Review of Sociology 24, pp 1-24.
Putnam R.D. (1993):”The prosperous community: social capital and public life”. American Prospect 13, pp.35-42.
Putnam R.D. (1995): “Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital”. Journal of Democracy 6(1), pp.65-78.
Putnam R.D. (2000): Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster
Putnam R.D. (2001): “Social capital: measurement and consequences” www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/6/1825848.pdf. Accessed 1.8.2008
Reynolds P.D. (1991): “Sociology and entrepreneurship: concepts and contributions”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice vol. 16(2), pp. 47-70.
Ruef M., H.E. Aldrich and N.M. Carter (2003): “The structure of founding teams: homophily, strong ties and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs”. American Sociological Review 68, pp.195-222.
Shane S. and S. Venkataraman (2000) “The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research”. Academy of Management Review 25(1), pp.217-226.
Shane S. (2003): A general theory of entrepreneurship, Edgar Elgar Cheltenham. Shapero A. and L. Sokol (1985): “The social dimensions of entrepreneurship” in Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship Ed by Calvin A. Kent, Donald L. Sexton and Karl H. Vesper pp. 72-90, Prentice-Hall New Jersey.
Stevenson H. H. and J. C. Jarillo (1990): “A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management”. Strategic Management Journal, vol.11, special issue, pp. 17-27.
Uzzi B. (1996): “Social structure and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: the network effect”. American Sociological Review 61(4), pp.
674-698
Uzzi B. (1997): “Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness”. Administrative Science Quarterly vol. 42(1), pp. 35-67.
Wilken P.H. (1979): Entrepreneurship: A comparative and historical study Norwood, NJ Ablex.
Woolcock M. (1998): “Social capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework”. Theory and Society 27(2), pp. 151-208.
Woolcock M. and D. Narayan (2000): “Social capital: implications for development theory, research and policy”. World Bank Research Observer 15(2), pp. 225-249
Woolcock M. (2001): “The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes” in The contribution of human and social capital to sustained economic growth and wellbeing: International symposium report Ed by J.F. Helliwell, Human Resources Development Canada and OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/13/1824913.pdf. Accessed
1.9.2008
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