Abstract
This work analyzes the current definition of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) provided by the European Commission comparing it with similar definitions adopted by other international organizations and synthetizing potential strengths and weaknesses. This analysis investigates how Venture Capitalists’ (VC) participation in the equity or the voting rights of a company can influence its status of SME and implicitly introduce a constraint in the access to public funding. Our descriptive analysis shows that only a limited share of VC-backed companies would not have had access to public funding applying the standard thresholds that are currently required by the European Commission SME definition.
References
Acs, Z. J. and Szerb, L. (2007), ‘Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, Nos 2–3, pp. 109–122.
Aghion, P. and Jaravel, X. (2015), ‘Knowledge spillover, innovation and growth’, The Economic Journal, Vol. 125, pp. 533–573.
Alemany, L. and Marti, J. (2005), ‘Unbiased estimation of economic impact of venture capital backed firms’, SSRN, 673341.
Alvarez Martinez, M.T., Barrios, S., Bellucci, A., Boden, J.M., Damioli, G., Duch Brown, N., Gucciardi, G., Marques Santos, A., Marschinski, R., Martinez Turegano, D., Moncada Paterno` Castello, P., Nepelski, D., Pontikakis, D., Pugliese, E., Testa, G. and Tuebke, A., ‘Technological and innovation challenges for industry: Science for policy insights’, EUR 30641 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, ISBN 978-92-76-32261-0 (online), doi:10.2760/271868 (online), JRC123980.
Audretsch, D. B. (2002), ‘The dynamic role of small firms: Evidence from the US’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 18, Nos 1–3, pp. 13–40.
Audretsch, D. B. (2007), ‘Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 23, No 1, pp. 63–78.
Aybar-Arias, C., Casino-Martinez, A. and Lopez-Gracia, J. (2003), ‘Capital structure and sensitivity in SME definition: a panel data investigation’, SSRN, 549082.
Ayyagari, M., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Beck, T. (2003), ‘Small and medium enterprises across the globe: a new database’, The World Bank.
Becchetti, L. and Trovato, G. (2002), ‘The determinants of growth for small and medium sized firms: The role of the availability of external finance’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 19, pp. 291–306.
Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Levine, R. (2005), ‘SMEs, growth, and poverty: Cross-country evidence’, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 10, pp. 199–229.
Bellucci, A., Borisov, A. and Zazzaro, A. (2013), ‘Do banks price discriminate spatially? Evidence from small business lending in local credit markets’, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 37, No 11, pp. 4183–4197.
Bellucci, A., Favaretto, I. and Giombini, G. (2014), ‘Credit availability and propensity to innovate of small and medium enterprises’, Economia e Politica Industriale, Vol. 41, No 4, pp. 27–50.
Bellucci, A., Pennacchio, L. and Zazzaro, A. (2019a), ‘Public R & D subsidies: Collaborative versus individual place-based programs for SMEs’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 52, No 1, pp. 213–240.
Bellucci, A., Borisov, A., Giombini, G. and Zazzaro, A. (2019b), ‘Collateralization and distance’, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 100, pp. 205–217.
Bellucci, A., Borisov, A., Gucciardi, G. and Zazzaro, A. (2020a), ‘The reallocation effects of COVID-19: Evidence from venture capital investments around the world’, COVID Economics, Vetted and Real-Time Papers, No 55, November 2020, CEPR Press, London, pp. 122–156.
Bellucci, A., Borisov, A., Gucciardi, G. and Zazzaro, A. (2020b), ‘The reallocation effects of COVID-19: Evidence from Venture Capital investments around The World’, EUR 30494 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-92-76-27082-9 (online), doi:10.2760/985244 (online), JRC122165.
Bellucci, A., Gucciardi, G. and Nepelski, D., Venture Capital in Europe. Evidence-based insights about Venture Capitalists and venture capital-backed firms, EUR 30480 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, ISBN 978-92-76-26939-7 (online), doi:10.2760/076298 (online), JRC122885.
Berisha, G. and Pula, J. S. (2015), ‘Defining small and medium enterprises: a critical review’, Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No 1, pp. 17–28.
Bertoni, F., Colombo, M. G. and Grilli, L. (2011), ‘Venture capital financing and the growth of high-tech start-ups: Disentangling treatment from selection effects’, Research Policy, Vol. 40, No 7, pp. 1028–1043.
Buculescu, M. M. (2013), ‘Harmonization process in defining small and medium-sized enterprises – Arguments for a quantitative definition versus a qualitative one’, Theoretical and Applied Economics, Vol. 9, No 586, pp. 103–114.
Business Europe (2017), ‘Making the EU SME definition fit for SMEs in need of venture capital and other sources of growth finance’, Business Europe Comments, https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/media/position_papers/smes/2018-04-24_comments_on_the_eu_sme_definition_and_smes_depending_on_venture_capital.pdf
Chemmanur, T., Krishnan, K. and Nandy, D. K. (2011), ‘How does venture capital financing improve efficiency in private firms? A look beneath the surface’, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 24, No 12, pp. 4037–4090.
Çokpekin, Ö. and Knudsen, M. P. (2012), ‘Does organizing for creativity really lead to innovation?’, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 21, No 3, pp. 304–314.
Corso, M., Martini, A., Paolucci, E. and Pellegrini, L. (2003), ‘Knowledge management configurations in Italian small-to-medium enterprises’, Integrated Manufacturing Systems.
Crehan, P. (2020). Reflections on a Revision of the Definition of the EU SME (No. JRC123296). Joint Research Centre.
Curran, J. and Blackburn, R. A. (2001), Researching the Small Enterprise, SAGE Publications Ltd, London.
Denis, D. J. (2004), ‘Entrepreneurial finance: an overview of the issues and evidence’, Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol. 10, No 2, pp. 301-326.
Davila, A., Foster, G. and Gupta, M. (2003), ‘Venture capital financing and the growth of startup firms’, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18, No 6, pp. 689–708.
Deloof, M., Lagaert, I. and Verschueren, I. (2007), ‘Leases and debt: Complements or substitutes? Evidence from Belgian SMEs’, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 45, No 4, pp. 491–500.
Eikebrokk, T. R. and Olsen, D. H. (2007), ‘An empirical investigation of competency factors affecting e-business success in European SMEs’, Information & Management, Vol. 44, No 4, pp. 364-383.
Engel, D. (2002), ‘The impact of venture capital on firm growth: An empirical investigation’, ZEW Discussion Paper No. 02-02, SSRN, 319322.
Engel, D. and Keilbach, M. (2007), ‘Firm-level implications of early stage venture capital investment – An empirical investigation’, Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 14, No 2, pp. 150–167.
European Commission (2003), Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises notified under document number C(2003) 1422, OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p. 36–41.
European Commission. (2019), Annual Report on European SMEs 2018/2019: Research and development and innovation by SMEs, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
European Commission (2020a), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A Capital Markets Union for people and businesses-new action plan, COM(2020) 590 final, Brussels, 24.9.2020 (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0590&from=EN).
European Commission (2020b), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – An SME strategy for a sustainable and digital Europe, COM(2020) 103, Brussels, 10.3.2020 (https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-sme-strategy-march-2020_en.pdf).
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Domnick, C., Testa, G., Gavigan, J. (2021). High growth enterprises in the COVID-19 crisis context: demographics, environmental innovations, digitalization, finance and policy measures, Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/63402.
European Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (2009), ‘EVCA’s Comments on the current EU SME Definition’, https://www.investeurope.eu/media/1799/09-02-10-evca_comments_eu_sme_definition.pdf
Filion, L.J. (1990), ‘Free trade: The need for a definition of small business’, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 7, No 2, pp. 33-46.
Ganguly, P. (1985), ‘UK. Small Business Statistics and International Comparisons’, Canada's Small Business Data Centre, GDSourcing.
Gibson, T. and Van der Vaart, H. J. (2008), ‘Defining SMEs: A less imperfect way of defining small and medium enterprises in developing countries’.
Gompers, P. and Lerner, J. (2001), ‘The venture capital revolution’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15, No 2, pp. 145–168.
Greene, F. J. and Travis, L. (2002), ‘Preparations for the euro by UK SMEs with trading links with the euro currency area’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 19, No 4, pp. 307–319.
Gvetadze, S., Pal, K. and Torfs, W. (2020), ‘The business angel portfolio under the European Angels Fund: An empirical analysis’, EIF Working Paper Series, No 2020/62, European Investment Fund, Luxembourg.
Hatten, T. S. (2011), Small Business Management: Entrepreneurship and beyond, 5th edn, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.
Henschel, T. and Heinze, I. (2018), ‘Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)’, Open innovation and knowledge management in small and medium-sized enterprises. New Jersey, London, Singapore: World Scientific Publisher.
Howell, S. T., Lerner, J., Nanda, R. and Townsend, R. R. (2020), ‘Financial distancing: How venture capital follows the economy down and curtails innovation’, NBER Working Papers, No 27150, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
Ikonomou, C. (2011), ‘A microeconomic assessment of Greece’s core-periphery imbalances (1994–2002) confirming Krugman’s initial new economic geography model’, European Journal of Geography, Vol. 2, No 2, pp. 62–78.
Kalemli-Ozcan, S., Sorensen, B., Villegas-Sanchez, C., Volosovych, V. and Yesiltas, S. (2015), ‘How to construct nationally representative firm level data from the Orbis Global Database: New facts and aggregate implications’, NBER
Kaminski, J., Hopp, C. and Tykvová, T. (2019), ‘New technology assessment in entrepreneurial financing–Does crowdfunding predict venture capital investments?’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 139, pp. 287–302.
Kaplan, S. N., Strömberg, P. and Sensoy, B. A. (2002), ‘How well do venture capital databases reflect actual investments?’, SSRN, 939073.
Kraemer-Eis, H., Botsari, A., Lang, F., Pal, K., Pavlova, E., Signore, S. and Torfs, W. (2020), ‘The market sentiment in European private equity and venture capital: Impact of COVID-19’, EIF Working Paper Series, No 2020/64, European Investment Fund, Luxembourg.
Kuckertz, A., Hinderer, S. and Röhm, P. (2019), ‘Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial opportunities in the food value chain’, npj Science of Food, Vol. 3, No 1, pp. 1–5.
Kushnir, K., Mirmulstein, ML. and Ramalho, R. (2010), ‘Micro, small, and medium Enterprises around the world: how many are there, and what affects the count?’, MSME Country Indicators. World Bank / IFC.
Levy, M., Powell, P. and Yetton, P. (2002), ‘The dynamics of SME information systems’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 19, No 4, pp. 341-354.
Lin, C., Ma, Y. and Xuan, Y. (2011), ‘Ownership structure and financial constraints: Evidence from a structural estimation’, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 102, No 2, pp. 416–431.
Lin, C., Ma, Y., Malatesta, P. and Xuan, Y. (2013), ‘Corporate ownership structure and the choice between bank debt and public debt’, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 109, No 2, pp. 517–534.
Loecher, U. (2000), ‘Small and medium‐sized enterprises – Delimitation and the European definition in the area of industrial business’, European Business Review, Vol. 12, No 5, pp. 261–264.
Lopez-Gracia, J. and Aybar-Arias, C. (2000), ‘An empirical approach to the financial behaviour of small and medium sized companies’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 14, No 1, pp. 55–63.
Manigart, S. and Van Hyfte, W. (1999), ‘Post-investment evolution of Belgian venture capital backed companies: an empirical study’, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1999. Presented at the Nineteenth Annual Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Babson Center for Entrepreneurial Studies.
Marks, S. G. (1999), ‘The separation of ownership and control’, Encyclopedia of Law and Economics.
Martí, J., Menéndez-Requejo, S. and Rottke, O. M. (2013), ‘The impact of venture capital on family businesses: Evidence from Spain’, Journal of World Business, Vol. 48, No 3, pp. 420–430.
Nepelski, D., Piroli, G. and De Prato, G. (2016), European Start-up Hotspots: Analysis of venture capital financing in Europe, JRC101215, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
OECD (2010), SMEs, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi:10.1787/20780990.
OECD (2015), OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi:10.1787/9789264009257-en.
OECD (2019), OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi:10.1787/34907e9c-en.
Osteryoung, J. S. and Newman, D. (1993), ‘What is a small business?’, The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, Vol. 2, No 3, pp. 219–231.
Papadogonas, T. A. (2007), ‘The financial performance of large and small firms: Evidence from Greece’, International Journal of Financial Services Management, Vol. 2, Nos 1–2, pp. 14–20.
Peng, M. W., Sun, S. L. and Markóczy, L. (2015), ‘Human capital and CEO compensation during institutional transitions’, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 52, No 1, pp. 117–147.
Pérez, A. L. G., Rodríguez, A. C. and Molina, M. A. (2002), ‘Factores determinantes de la rentabilidad financiera de las pymes’, Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting / Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, Vol. 31, No 112, pp. 395–429.
Puri, M. and Zarutskie, R. (2012), ‘On the life cycle dynamics of venture‐capital‐and non‐venture‐capital‐financed firms’, The Journal of Finance, Vol 67, No 6, pp. 2247–2293.
Retterath, A. and Braun, R. (2020), ‘Benchmarking Venture Capital Databases’, SSRN, 3706108.
Robson, P. J. and Bennett, R. J. (2000), ‘SME growth: The relationship with business advice and external collaboration’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 15, No 3, pp. 193–208.
Rossi, M., Lombardi, R., Siggia, D. and Oliva, N. (2015), ‘The impact of corporate characteristics on the financial decisions of companies: evidence on funding decisions by Italian SMEs’, Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 5, No 1, p. 2.
Ruiz-Santos, C., Ruiz-Mercader, J. and McDonald, F. (2003), ‘The use of contractual working time flexibility by Spanish SMEs’, Personnel Review, Vol. 32, No 2, pp. 164–186.
Schmiemann, M. (2009), ‘SMEs were the main drivers of economic growth between 2004 and 2006’, Statistics in Focus, Vol. 71, No 2009, p. 8.
Segura, J. and Toledo, L. (2003), ‘Tamaño, estructura y coste de financiación de las empresas manufactureras españolas’, Investigaciones Económicas, Vol. 27, No 1, pp. 39–69.
Soomro, R. H. and Aziz, F. (2015), ‘Determining the size of thresholds of small and medium enterprises definition’, International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, Vol. 5, No 1, pp. 63–71.
Stokes, D. and Wilson, N. (2010), Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship, Cengage Learning EMEA, Andover, United Kingdom.
Thurik, R. and Wennekers, S. (2004), ‘Entrepreneurship, small business and economic growth’, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11, No 1, pp. 140–149.
Uhlaner, L. M., van Stel, A., Duplat, V. and Zhou, H. (2013), ‘Disentangling the effects of organizational capabilities, innovation and firm size on SME sales growth’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 41, No 3, pp. 581–607.
Varum, C. A. and Rocha, V. C. (2013), ‘Employment and SMEs during crises’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 40, No 1, pp. 9–25.
Voulgaris, F., Doumpos, M. and Zopounidis, C. (2000), ‘On the evaluation of Greek industrial SME’s performance via multicriteria analysis of financial ratios’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 15, No 2, pp. 127–136.
World Bank (2019), World Bank Group Support for Small and Medium Enterprises – A synthesis of evaluative findings, World Bank, Washington, D.C. (https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/Evaluation/files/SME_Synthesis.pdf).
Zhou, F., Fan, Y., An, Y. and Zhong, L. (2017), ‘Independent directors, non-controlling directors, and executive pay-for-performance sensitivity: Evidence from Chinese non-state owned enterprises’, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 43, pp. 55–71.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Andrea Bellucci, Gianluca Gucciardi