Abstract
This article is aimed to analyse the relationship between diversity, entrepreneurship and embeddedness. Diversity is considered in terms of a variety of features of the enterprise, the entrepreneur, and the local context where the business operates. Socio-economic embeddedness is considered in its mixed and territorial dimensions. Local embeddedness and neighbourhood diversity do intersect in producing specific configurations, so that the enterprise may both benefit from and contribute to the local diversity, or may just exploit it with no attention to its reproduction. This hypothesis is tested with a qualitative study based on interviews with entrepreneurs in Milan, Italy.
Keywords: mixed embeddedness, immigrant entrepreneurship, diversity, immigration
JEL classification: L26; J15.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Agustoni, A., & Alietti, A. (2009). Società urbane e convivenza interetnica. Milan, Angeli.
Alanya, A., Swyngedouw, M., Vandezande, V., & Phalet, K. (2017). Close encounters: minority and majority perceptions of discrimination and intergroup relations in Antwerp, Belgium. International Migration Review, 51(1), 191-217. Doi: 10.1111/imre.12203.
Ambrosini, M. (2005). Sociologia delle migrazioni. Bologna, il Mulino.
Avola, M., & Cortese, A. (2012). Mobilità e carriere di immigrati imprenditori. Quaderni di Sociologia, 58, 7-40. Doi: 10.4000/qds.586.
Ayar, V., & Rath, J. (Eds.) (2012). Selling ethnic neighbourhoods. New York, Routledge.
Barberis, E. (2008). Imprenditori immigrati. Rome, Ediesse.
Barberis, E. (2014). Chinese entrepreneurs in Italy. In I. Sagiyama & V. Pedone (Eds), Perspectives on East Asia (pp. 81-101). Florence, Firenze University Press.
Barberis, E., Angelucci, A., Jepson, R., & Kazepov, Y. (2017). Dealing with urban diversity. The case of Milan. Utrecht, Utrecht University.
Barberis, E., & Violante, A. (2017). Chinese immigration to Italy and economic relations with the homeland. In S. Guercini, G. Dei Ottati, L.
Baldassar & G. Johanson (Eds), Native and Immigrant Entrepreneurship (pp. 31-52). New York, Springer. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-44111-5_3.
Barzotto, M., Corò, G., & Volpe, M. (2014). Apertura internazionale e risorse locali. Un’indagine sul radicamento territoriale di imprese multinazionali. Argomenti, 42, 31-53. Doi: 10.3280/ARG2014-042002
Baycan Levent, T., Masurel, E., & Nijkamp, P. (2003). Diversity in entrepreneurship: ethnic and female roles in urban economic life. International Journal of Social Economics, 30(11), 1131-1161. Doi: 10.1108/03068290310497495.
Bell, J.M., & Hartmann, D. (2007). Diversity in everyday discourse. American Sociological Review, 72, 895-914. Doi: 10.1177/000312240707200603.
Berti, F., Pedone, V., & Valzania, A. (2013). Vendere e comprare. Processi di mobilità sociale dei cinesi a Prato. Pisa, Pacini.
Blokland, T., & van Eijk, G. (2010). Do people who like diversity practice diversity in neighbourhood life? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(2), 313-332. Doi: 10.1080/13691830903387436.
Boccagni, P. (2015). The difference diversity makes. In T. Matejskova & M. Antonsich (Eds.), Governing through diversity (pp. 21-38). London, Palgrave.
Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38, 583-594. Doi: 10.2307/2094409.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (2001). New liberal speak. Radical Philosophy, 105, 2-5.
Bovone, L. (2014). Quartieri di periferia e capitale culturale creolo. Sociologia urbana e rurale, 103, 115-139. Doi: 10.3280/SUR2014-103007.
Burt, R.S. (1992). Structural Holes. The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.
Camera di Commercio di Milano (2015a). I numeri delle imprese. Imprese anno 2015. Online: http://www.mi.camcom.it/congiuntura-delle-imprese.-anni-precedenti
Camera di Commercio di Milano (2015b). Cruscotto di indicatori statistici 2014. Online: http://www.mi.camcom.it/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=2d9b386d-3325-485e-96e8-5abe459a29c4&groupId=10157
Causa, O., & Johansson, A. (2010). Intergenerational social mobility in Oecd countries. Oecd Journal: Economic Studies, 6(1), 1-44. Doi: 10.1787/eco_studies-2010-5km33scz5rjj.
Colletis, G., Gilly, J.P., Pecqueur, B., Perrat, J., & Zimmerman, J.B. (1997). Firmes et territoires: entre nomadisme et ancrage. Espaces et sociétés, 88(1), 115-138. Doi: 10.3917/esp.g1997.88.0115.
Dicken, P., & Malmberg, A. (2001). Firms in territories: a relational perspective. Economic Geography, 77(4), 345-363. Doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2001.tb00169.x.
Engelen, E. (2001). ‘Breaking in’ and ‘breaking out’: a Weberian approach to entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), 203-223. Doi: 10.1080/13691830020041570.
Eraydin, A., Tasan-Kok, T., & Vranken, Y. (2010). Diversity matters: immigrant entrepreneurship and contribution of different forms of social integration in economic performance of cities. European Planning Studies, 18(4), 521-543. Doi: 1080/09654311003593556.
Eurostat (2011). Key figures on European business with a special feature on SMEs. European Union, Luxembourg.
Fainstein, S. (2005). Cities and diversity: should we want it? Can we plan for it? Urban Affairs Review, 41(1), 3-19. Doi: 10.1177/1078087405278968.
Florida, R. (2004). The rise of the creative class. New York, Basic Books.
Fondazione Leone Moressa (2015). Il valore dell'immigrazione. Milan, Angeli.
Grabher, G. (Ed) (1993). The embedded firm. On the socio-economics of industrial networks. London, Routledge.
Harrison, D.A., & Klein, K.J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of management review, 32(4), 1199-1228. Doi: 10.5465/AMR.2007.26586096.
Hess, M. (2004). ‘Spatial’ relationships? Towards a reconceptualization of embeddedness. Progress in Human Geography, 28(2), 165-186. Doi: 10.1191/0309132504ph479oa.
Hewstone, M., Martin, R., Hammer-Hewstone, C., Crisp, R.J., & Voci, A. (2001). Majority-minority relations in organizations. In M.A. Hogg & D.J. Terry (Eds), Social identity processes in organizational contexts (pp. 67-86). Philadelphia, Psychology Press.
Idos (2015). Rapporto Immigrazione e Imprenditoria 2015. Rome, Idos.
Istat (2015a). Noi Italia. 100 statistiche per capire il Paese in cui viviamo.
Istat, online: noi-italia.istat.it
Istat (2015b). Rapporto annuale 2015. La situazione del Paese. Rome, Istat.
Jenkins, R. (1997). Rethinking ethnicity: arguments and explorations. London, Sage.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm. A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23-32. Doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 1411-1431. Doi: 10.1057/jibs.2009.24.
Kim, H.C., Hurh, W.M., & Fernandez, M. (1989). Intra-group differences in business participation. International Migration Review, 23(1), 73-95. Doi: 10.2307/2546183.
Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2001). Immigrants entrepreneurs in advanced economies: mixed embeddedness further explored. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), 189-201. Doi: 10.1080/13691830020041561.
Manzo, L.K.C. (2012). Emergent Spaces, Contemporary Urban Conflicts: Experiences of Social Mix in Changing Neighborhoods. In: C. Camp
Yeakey (Ed.) Living on the boundaries. Urban marginality in national and international contexts (pp. 415-449). Bingley, Emerald.
Marra, C., & Turcio, S. (2016). Insider e outsider nel mercato del lavoro italiano. Argomenti, 4, 89-134. Doi: 10.14276/1971-8357.524
Marzorati, R., & Quassoli, F. (2012). “Risotto and Zighiní?” Milano’s Lazzaretto between multicultural changes and perceptions of insecurity. In V. Aytar, & J. Rath (Eds.), Selling Ethnic Neighborhoods (pp. 138-155). New York: Routledge.
Marzorati, R., & Semprebon, M. (2015) Building community in and out viapadova36. Sociologia urbana e rurale, 108, 69-85.
Mazzucato, V. (2008). The double engagement: transnationalism and integration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(2), 119-216. Doi: 10.1080/13691830701823871.
Michaels, W.B. (2008). Against diversity. New Left Review, 52, 33-36.
Morris, L. (2003). Managing contradictions: civic stratification and migrants’ rights. International Migration Review, 37(1), 74-100. Doi: 0.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00130.x.
Oecd (2010). Open for business. Migrant entrepreneurship in Oecd countries. Paris, Oecd. Doi: 10.1787/9789264095830-en.
Panayiotopoulos, P. (2010). Ethnicity, migration and enterprise. London, Palgrave Macmillan. Doi: 10.1057/9780230290501.
Pastore, F., & Ponzo, I. (Eds) (2012). Concordia Discors. Convivenza e conflitto nei quartieri di immigrazione. Carocci, Rome.
Portes, A. (1995). Economic sociology and the sociology of immigration: a conceptual overview. In A. Portes (Ed), The Economic Sociology of Immigration (pp. 1-41). New York, Russell Sage Foundation.
Rath, J. (2000). Immigrant business and their economic, politico-institutional and social environment. In: J. Rath (Ed), Immigrant businesses: the economic, political and social environment (pp. 1-19). Basingstoke, Macmillan. Doi: 10.1057/9781403905338_1.
Rath, J. (Ed) (2002). Unravelling the rag trade. Oxford, Berg.
Riva, E., & Lucchini, M. (2014). Natalità e mortalità delle imprese straniere a Milano: un'analisi spaziale. Research report. Milan, Camera di Commercio di Milano.
Rota, F.S. (2012). Il radicamento territoriale delle multinazionali: concettualizzazioni e evidenze empiriche. Memorie Geografiche, special issue 9, 119-130.
Sepulveda, L, Syrett, S., & Lyon, F. (2011). Population superdiversity and new migrant enterprise: the case of London. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23, 469-497. Doi: 10.1080/08985620903420211.
Storti, L. (2014). Being an entrepreneur: emergence and structuring of two immigrant entrepreneur groups. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 26(7-8), 521-545. Doi: 10.1080/08985626.2014.959067.
Tasan-Kok, T., van Kempen, R., Raco, M., & Bolt, G. (2013). Towards hyper-diversified European cities. Utrecht, Utrecht University.
Tasan-Kok, T., & Vranken, J. (2008). From survival to competition? The socio-spatial evolution of immigrant entrepreneurs in Antwerp. In P. Ache, H. T. Andersen, T. Maloutas, M. Raco & T. Tasan-Kok (Eds), Cities between competitiveness and cohesion (pp. 151-168). Dordrecht, Springer. Doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8241-2_9.
Teachman, J.D. (1980). Analysis of population diversity. Sociological Methods & Research, 8(3), 341-362. Doi: 10.1177/004912418000800305.
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024-1054. Doi: 10.1080/01419870701599465.
Villares Varela, M. (2010). Female ethnic entrepreneurship in Spain. In M. Abraham, E. Ngan-ling Chow, L. Maratou-Alipranti, E. Tastsoglou (Eds), Contours of citizenship (pp. 57-76). Farnham, Ashgate.
Wieviorka, M. (2001). La différence. Paris, Balland.
Wimmer, A. (2012). Ethnic boundary making. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Ziff, B., Rao, P.V. (1997). Borrowed power. Essays on cultural appropriation. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
L'opera è pubblicata sotto Licenza Creative Commons - 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)