Keywords
women entrepreneurship
individual level
contextual level
multiple case approach
How to Cite
Accepted 2024-01-27
Published 2024-04-15
Abstract
Purpose. Building on the theoretical embeddedness construct, this study stresses the joint role that contextual and individual factors play in successful migrant women entrepreneurship, uncovering which factors can sustain migrant women entrepreneurship.
Design/methodology/approach. This paper conducts a multi-case study of a sample of 4 successful migrant women entrepreneurs.
Findings. Results show that when the context denotes resistance towards migrant women entrepreneurs, soft skills, especially "self-esteem" and "self-efficacy" can balance the negative effect of context. This mismatch between personal expectations and received stimulus from context produces a cognitive response that follows an individual perspective based on “self-investment”. While, when the context is perceived as favorable to the migrant women entrepreneurship development, individual factors seem to amplify the contextual factors, creating a centrifugal reaction. In this case, personal expectations and received stimuli from the context match and generate a cognitive response that follows a business perspective based on conceiving firm development strategies.
Practical and Social Implications. Findings can help migrant women entrepreneurs and practitioners (consultants and other entrepreneurs) to identify the main factors that can sustain or inhibit entrepreneurial behaviors, by anticipating possible concerns and issues and, above all, trying to remove potential context barriers. Moreover, findings call into action also policymakers to promote ad hoc entrepreneurship education programs to strengthen the individual level, to contrast possible adverse effects due to hostile contexts.
Originality of the study. Previous studies have investigated the context and the individual levels separately, while this study argues that the two levels coexist and deserve to be jointly analyzed. Additionally, this study focuses on successful migrant women entrepreneurs, considered enlightening because they are embedded in multiple contexts: the country of origin and the host country. By uncovering how they perceive the context (friendly vs. hostile), results show different cognitive responses to overcome difficulties and achieve success.
References
Ahl, H. (2006). Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs needs new Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x
Aldrich, H. E. and Zimmer, C. (1986) ‘Entrepreneurship through Social Networks’, in D. Sexton and R. Smilor (eds) The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, pp. 2–23. New York: Ballinger Publishing Company.
Aldrich, H. E., & Ruef, M. (2018). Unicorns, gazelles, and other distractions on the way to understanding real entrepreneurship in the United States. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(4), 458-472. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0123
Allen, E., Langowitz, N., & Minniti, M. (2007). The 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor special topic report: Omen in entrepreneurship. Babson Park: Center for Women Leadership, Babson College.
Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J. (2011). Generating research questions through problematization. Academy of Management Review, 36, 247–71. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0188
Amine, L. S., and K. M. Staub. 2009. Women Entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Institutional Theory Analysis from a Social Marketing Point of View. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21(2): 183–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620802182144
Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., & Mero, N. P. (2000). Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries”. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00012-3 Azmat, F., & Fujimoto, Y. (2016). Family embeddedness and entrepreneurship experience: A study of Indian migrant women entrepreneurs in Australia, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(9-10), 630-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1208279
Azmat, F. 2013. Opportunities or Obstacles? Understanding the Challenges Faced by Migrant Women Entrepreneurs. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(2): 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261311328855
Azmat, F. 2010.“Exploring Social Responsibility of Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Do Home Country Contextual Factors Play a Role? European Management Journal, 28(5): 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2009.11.004
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., and Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 1, 8–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318
Brush, C. G., & Cooper, S. Y. (2012). Female entrepreneurship and economic development: An international perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1-2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.637340
Bullough, A., Renko, M., & Abdelzaher, D. (2017). Women’s business ownership: operating within the context of institutional and in-group collectivism. Journal of Management, 43(7), 2037–2064. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314561302
Bullough, A., Hechavarría, D. M., Brush, C. G., & Edelman, L. F. (2019). High-growth women’s entrepreneurship: Programs, policies and practices. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Cardella, G. M., Hernández-Sánchez, B. R., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Women entrepreneurship: A systematic review to outline the boundaries of scientific literature. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01557
Carter, S., & Marlow, S. (2006). Female entrepreneurship: theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence. In Female Entrepreneurship (pp. 11-36). Routledge.
Cesaroni, F. M., & Paoloni, P. (2016). Are family ties an opportunity or an obstacle for women entrepreneurs? Empirical evidence from Italy. Palgrave Communications, 2(1), 1-7. 10.1057/palcomms.2016.88
Chatterjee, I., Shepherd, D. A., & Wincent, J. (2022). Women's entrepreneurship and well-being at the base of the pyramid. Journal of Business Venturing, 37(4), 106222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106222
Chreim, S., Spence, M., Crick, D., & Liao, X. (2018). Review of female immigrant entrepreneurship research: Past findings, gaps and ways forward. European Management Journal, 36(2), 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.02.001Creed, P. A., Bloxsome, T. D., & Johnston, K. (2001). Self-esteem and self-efficacy outcomes for unemployed individuals attending occupational skills training programs. Community, Work & Family, 4(3), 285-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01405110120089350
Dacin, M. T., Ventresca, M. J., & Beal, B. D. (1999). The embeddedness of organizations: Dialogue & directions. Journal of management, 25(3), 317-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(99)00005-7
Dhaliwal, S., J. M. Scott, and J. Hussain. 2010. Help or Hindrance? South Asian Women in the Family Firm. Electronic Journal of Family Business Studies 1 (4): 4–23.
De Bruin, A., Brush, C.G. and Welter, F. (2006) Introduction to the special Issue: Towards building cumulative knowledge on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30 (5): 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00137.xDenzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S., & Giardina, M. D. (2006). Disciplining qualitative research. International journal of qualitative studies in education, 19(6), 769-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390600975990
De Vita, L., Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature, European Management Journal, 32(3), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.07.009
Drori, I., B. Honig, and A. Ginsberg. 2006. “Transnational Entrepreneurship: Toward a Unifying Theoretical Framework.” Academy of Management Conference, Best Paper Proceedings, Atlanta, GA. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2006.27166756
Eagly, Alice H., Wendy Wood, and Amanda B. Diekman. (2000), "Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal." The developmental social psychology of gender 12.
Edwards, P., Ram, M., Jones, T., & Doldor, S. (2018). New migrant businesses and their workers: developing, but not transforming, the ethnic economy. In Intersectionality and Ethnic Entrepreneurship (pp. 35-65). Routledge.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308385 Eisenhardt, K. M. (2021). What is the Eisenhardt Method, really?, Strategic Organization, 19(1), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/147612702098286
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges, Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160888
Elam, A. B., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., Baumer, B., Dean, M., and Heavlow, R. (2019). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2018/2019 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report. Babson College: Smith College and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association.
Emami, A., Ashourizadeh, S., Sheikhi, S., & Rexhepi, G. (2022). “Entrepreneurial propensity for market analysis in the time of COVID-19: benefits from individual entrepreneurial orientation and opportunity confidence”, Review of Managerial Science, 16(8), 2413-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00499-0
Essers, C., H. Doorewaard, and Y. Benschop. 2013. “Family Ties: Migrant Female Business Owners Doing Identity Work on the Public–Private Divide.” Human Relations 66 (12): 1645–1665. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267134868
Estrin, S., and Mickiewicz, T. (2011). “Entrepreneurship in transition economies: the role of institutions and generational change,” in The Dynamics of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data, ed M. Minniti (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 181–208.
Floris, M., Dettori, A., Melis, C., & Dessì, C. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and the role of the context. The case of the firm ‘Sa Panada Srl’, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27(3), 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-02-2019-0072
Floris, M., & Dettori, A. (2021). Daughters’ involvement and female succession in family businesses: A multiple case study. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, (3): 117-139 https://doi.org/10.14596/pisb.2880
Floris, M., & Dettori, A. (2023). With our feet on the ground and our minds free to fly”: multiple embeddedness and entrepreneurial orientation in small and medium-sized family businesses. Journal of Management and Governance, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-023-09674-9
Floris, M., & Pillitu, D. (2019). Improving Entrepreneurship Education in Primary Schools: A Pioneer Project. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(6), 1148-1169. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-09-2018-0283
Floris, M., Dettori, A., & Reginato, E. (2023). Budding entrepreneurs. The role of University in spreading early entrepreneurial mindset in school kids. National Accounting Review, 5(1), 86-107. DOI: 10.3934/NAR. 2023006
Foss, L., Henry, C., Ahl, H., & Mikalsen, G. H. (2019). Women’s entrepreneurship policy research: A 30-year review of the evidence. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 409–429 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9993-8
Gartner, W. B. (1988), "Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question," American Journal of Small Business, Spring, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225878801200401
Gimenez-Jimenez, D., Edelman, L. F., Dawson, A., & Calabrò, A. (2022). Women entrepreneurs’ progress in the venturing process: The impact of risk aversion and culture. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 1091-1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00435-8
Goyal, P., & Yadav, V. (2014). “To be or not to be a woman entrepreneur in a developing country”. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 2(2), 68-78.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action And Social Structure: The Problem Of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91, 481-510. Gupta, V. K., Wieland, A. M., & Turban, D. B. (2019). Gender characterizations in entrepreneurship: A multi‐level investigation of sex‐role stereotypes about high‐growth, commercial, and social entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(1), 131-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12495
Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1989). Organizational ecology. Harvard university press.
Hassan, S. H., Zeqiri, J., Ramadani, V., Zhen, T. S., Azman, N. H. N., & Mahmud, I. (2020). Individual factors, facilitating conditions and career success: insights from Malaysian female entrepreneurs, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 28(04), 375-400. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495820500168 Hechavarria, D., Bullough, A., Brush, C., & Edelman, L. (2019). High‐growth women’s entrepreneurship: Fueling social and economic development. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12503
Henry, C., & Lewis, K. V. (2023). The art of dramatic construction: Enhancing the context dimension in women’s entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research, 155, 113440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113440
Humbert, A. L., & Brindley, C. (2015). Challenging the concept of risk in relation to women’s entrepreneurship. Gender in Management: an International Journal, 30(1), 2-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-10-2013-0120
Jack, S. L., & Anderson, A. R. (2002). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of business Venturing, 17(5), 467-487 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00076-3
Jamali, D. (2009). Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective. Gender in management: an international journal, 24(4), 232-251. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910961532Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature?, Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.782190
Johannisson, B. (2010). The agony of the Swedish school when confronted by entrepreneurship. Creativity and Innovation: Preconditions for Entrepreneurial Education, 91-105.
Jones, T., Ram, M., & Villares-Varela, M. (2019). Diversity, economic development and new migrant entrepreneurs. Urban Studies, 56(5), 960-976. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018765
Kibler, E., Kautonen, T., & Fink, M. (2017). Regional social legitimacy of entrepreneurship: Implications for entrepreneurial intention and start-up behaviour. In Entrepreneurship in a Regional Context (pp. 57-77). Routledge.
Kirkwood, J. (2009). Is a lack of self‐confidence hindering women entrepreneurs?. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910969670Krueger, N. F., Liñán, F., & Nabi, G. (2013). Cultural values and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 25(9–10), 703–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.862961
Kurvet-Käosaar, L., Ojamaa, T., & Sakova, A. (2019). Situating narratives of the migration and diaspora: An introduction. Journal of the Humanities & Social Sciences, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2019.2.01
Kumbhar, V. M. (2013). Some critical issues of women entrepreneurship in rural India. European Academic Research, 1(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2043821Laguía, A., Wach, D., Garcia-Ael, C., & Moriano, J. A. (2022). Think entrepreneur–think male”: the effect of reduced gender stereotype threat on women's entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(4), 1001-1025. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2021-0312Langevang, T., Gough, K. V., Yankson, P. W., Owusu, G., & Osei, R. (2015). Bounded entrepreneurial vitality: The mixed embeddedness of female entrepreneurship. Economic geography, 91(4), 449-473. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecge.12092
Lassalle, P., & Shaw, E. (2021). Trailing wives and constrained agency among women migrant entrepreneurs: An intersectional perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(6), 1496-1521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258721990331
Legard, R., Keegan, J., & Ward, K. (2003). In-depth interviews. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, 6(1), 138–169.
Lidola, M. (2014). Negotiating integration in Berlin’s Waxing Studios: Brazilian migrants’ gendered appropriation of urban consumer spaces and ‘ethnic’entrepreneurship. Journal of Contemporary History, 49(1), 228-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200941350566
Lim, S., & Envick, B. R. (2013). “Gender and entrepreneurial orientation: a multi-country study”. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9, 465-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0183-2
Liñán, F., Jaén, I., & Martín, D. (2022). Does entrepreneurship fit her? Women entrepreneurs, gender-role orientation, and entrepreneurial culture. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 1051-1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00433-w
Marlow, S., and M. McAdam. 2012. Gender and Entrepreneurship: Advancing Debate and Challenging Myths; Exploring the Mystery of the Under-performing Female Entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 19 (1): 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551311299288
McClelland, D., Winter, D. G., "Motivating economic achievement," New York: Free Press, 1969)
Miller, M. J., & Castles, S. (2009). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Minniti, M., & Naudé, W. (2010). What do we know about the patterns and determinants of female entrepreneurship across countries?. The European Journal of Development Research, 22, 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.17
Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. (2013). Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small business and enterprise development, 20(1), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001311298448
Mozumdar, L., Materia, V. C., Hagelaar, G., Islam, M. A., Velde, G. V. D., & Omta, S. W. F. (2022). Contextuality of entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: The case of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 8(1), 94-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/23939575211062433
Muravyev, A., Talavera, O., & Schäfer, D. (2009). Entrepreneurs' gender and financial constraints: Evidence from international data. Journal of comparative economics, 37(2), 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.12.001
Nani, G. V., & Mathwasa, J. (2023). Factors that discourage highly educated women from being entrepreneurs. European Journal of Management and Marketing Studies, 8(1).
Zinger, J. T., LeBrasseur, R. Riverin, N. and Robichaud, R. (2005). Stages of Small Enterprise Development: A Comparison of Female and male Entrepreneurs. Canada: Laurentian University. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejmms.v8i1.1403
Nichter, S., & Goldmark, L. (2009). Small firm growth in developing countries. World development, 37(9), 1453-1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.013
Noguera, M., Alvarez, C., & Urbano, D. (2013). Socio-cultural factors and female entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9, 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-013-0251-x
Nungsari, M., Ngu, K., Chin, J. W., & Flanders, S. (2023). The formation of youth entrepreneurial intention in an emerging economy: the interaction between psychological traits and socioeconomic factors. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 15(2), 333-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2021-0312Ogundana, O. M., Simba, A., Dana, L. P., & Liguori, E. (2021). Women entrepreneurship in developing economies: A gender-based growth model. Journal of Small Business Management, 59(sup1), S42-S72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1938098
Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002
Panda, S. (2018). Constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in developing countries: review and ranking. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 33(4), 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2017-0003
Paoloni, P., & Dumay, J. (2015). The relational capital of micro-enterprises run by women: the startup phase. Vine, 45(2), 172-197. https://doi.org/10.1108/VINE-01-2014-0003
Paoloni, P., & Serafini, G. (2018). Female entrepreneurship in perspective: A methodological issue. Administrative Sciences, 8(4), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8040067
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. SAGE Publications, inc.
Pio, E., and C. Essers. 2014. Professional Migrant Women Decentring Otherness: A Transnational Perspective. British Journal of Management, 25 (2): 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12003
Rae, D. (2015). Opportunity-Centred Entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan.
Rahman, M. M., Dana, L. P., Moral, I. H., Anjum, N., & Rahaman, M. S. (2023). Challenges of rural women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh to survive their family entrepreneurship: a narrative inquiry through storytelling. Journal of Family Business Management, 13(3), 645-664. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-04-2022-0054
Raijman, R., and M. Semyonov. 1997. Gender, Ethnicity, and Immigration: Double Disadvantage and Triple Disadvantage among Recent Immigrant Women in the Israeli Labor Market. Gender and Society, 11 (1): 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124397011001007
Ram, M., Jones, T., & Villares-Varela, M. (2017). Migrant entrepreneurship: Reflections on research and practice. International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616678051
Ratten, V., Dana, L. P., & Ramadani, V. (Eds.). (2017). “Women entrepreneurship in family business”. Routledge.
Reay, T., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Qualitative methods in family business research. In L. Melin, M. Nordqvist, & P. Sharma (Eds.), The Sage handbook of family business (pp. 573–593). Sage.Santos, F. J., Roomi, M. A., & Liñán, F. (2016). About gender differences and the social environment in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12129
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta–analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 38(2), 291-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12087
Scott, W. R. (2005). Institutional theory: Contributing to a theoretical research program. Great minds in management: The process of theory development, 37(2), 460-484.
Sedikides, C., & Gress, A. P. (2003). Portraits of the self.[Benliğin portreleri. M. A. Hogg ve J. Cooper'da (Ed.), Sage handbook of sosyal psikoloji] In M. A. Hogg and J. Cooper.
Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F. (2012). Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: the role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(3), 465–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00509.x
Shinnar, R. S., Hsu, D. K., Powell, B. C., & Zhou, H. (2018). Entrepreneurial intentions and start-ups: are women or men more likely to enact their intentions?, International Small Business Journal, 36(1), 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242617704277
Sinkovics, N., & Reuber, A. R. (2021). Beyond disciplinary silos: A systematic analysis of the migrant entrepreneurship literature. Journal of World Business, 56(4), 101223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101223
Suddaby, R. O. Y. (2006). From the editors: What grounded theory is not. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 633–642 https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.22083020
Thornton, P. H., Ribeiro-Soriano, D.,&Urbano, D. (2011). Sociocultural factors and entrepreneurial activity. International Small Business Journal, 29(2), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610391930
Toledo-López, A., Díaz-Pichardo, R., Jiménez-Castañeda, J. C., & Sánchez-Medina, P. S. (2012). Defining success in subsistence businesses. Journal of Business Research, 65(12), 1658-1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.02.006
Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative science quarterly, 35-67.
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research (3rd ed.). Sage.
Yin, R. K. (2008). Case study research (4th ed.). Sage
Verduijn, K., & Essers, C. (2013). Questioning dominant entrepreneurship Assumptions: The case of female ethnic minority entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(7e8), 612e630. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.814718
Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Grilo, I., & Van der Zwan, P. (2012). Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment: gender and the entrepreneurial personality. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.009
Vershinina, N., Rodgers, P., McAdam, M., & Clinton, E. (2019). Transnational migrant entrepreneurship, gender and family business. Global Networks, 19(2), 238-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12225Wigren-Kristoferson, C., Brundin, E., Hellerstedt, K., Stevenson, A., & Aggestam, M. (2022). Rethinking embeddedness: A review and research agenda. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 34(1–2), 32–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2021.2021298
Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship - conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x
Welter, F., Baker, T., & Wirsching, K. (2019). Three waves and counting: The rising tide of contextualization in entrepreneurship research. Small business economics, 52, 319-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0094-5
Zahra, S. A., Wright, M., & Abdelgawad, S. G. (2014). Contextualization and the advancement of entrepreneurship research, International Small Business Journal, 32(5), 479-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613519807
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Michela Floris, Roberta Atzori