Keywords
family firms
business-partner collaborations
technological innovation performance
business-partner collaborations
technological innovation performance
How to Cite
Gjergji, R., Lazzarotti, V., Visconti, F., & Garcia Marco, T. (2020). Innovation performance and technological collaboration with business partners in family firms. Piccola Impresa Small Business, (1). https://doi.org/10.14596/pisb.338
Received 2019-06-22
Accepted 2020-03-30
Published 2020-04-26
Accepted 2020-03-30
Published 2020-04-26
Abstract
This research examines how the family status of the business and the degree of family involvement in the management of family firms moderate the relationship between business-partner collaboration and technological innovation performance. We provide empirical evidence by using a panel data of roundly 12,000 observations on Spanish manufacturing firms via regression analysis. Results show that the family status of the firm moderates the relationship between business-partner collaboration and innovation in a way that it reduces the likelihood of achieving higher innovation performance. Furthermore, within the group of family firms, the interaction between the degree of family involvement in the management and the business-partners collaboration has a negative and significant impact on the innovation performance.
References
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Almirall, E., & Casadesus-Masanell, R. (2010). Open versus closed innovation: A model of discovery and divergence. Academy of management review, 35(1), 27-47.
Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., and Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms”, Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73-95.
Baum, J. A., Calabrese, T., & Silverman, B. S. (2000). Don’t go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic management journal, 21(3), 267-294.
Bayona Sáez, C., Garcia Marco, T., & Huerta Arribas, E. (2002). Collaboration in R&D with universities and research centres: an empirical study of Spanish firms. R&D Management, 32(4), 321-341.
Becheikh, N., Landry, R., & Amara, N. (2006). Lessons from innovation empirical studies in the manufacturing sector: A systematic review of the literature from 1993–2003. Technovation, 26(5-6), 644-664.
Bianchi, M., Croce, A., Dell’Era, C., Di Benedetto, C. A., & Frattini, F. (2016). Organizing for Inbound Open Innovation: How External Consultants and a Dedicated R & D Unit Influence Product Innovation Performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 33(4), 492-510.
Block, J. H. (2012). R&D investments in family and founder firms: An agency perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 248-265.
Brinkerink, J. (2018). Broad search, deep search, and the absorptive capacity performance of family and nonfamily firm R&D. Family Business Review, 31(3), 295-317.
Brinkerink, J., & Bammens, Y. (2018). Family influence and R&D spending in Dutch manufacturing SMEs: the role of identity and socioemotional decision considerations. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 35(4), 588-608.
Brinkerink, J., Van Gils, A., Bammens, Y., and Carree M. (2017). Open Innovation: A Literature Review and Recommendations for Family Business Research, in Franz W. Kellermanns, Frank Hoy (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Family Business – Routledge, pp. 241-266.
Camisón, C., & Forés, B. (2010). Knowledge absorptive capacity: New insights for its conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Business Research, 63(7), 707-715.
Cassia, L., De Massis, A., and E. Pizzurno. 2012. Strategic innovation and new product development in family firms: An empirically grounded theoretical framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 18(2), 198-232.
Chen, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2007). The innovation strategy of firms: empirical evidence from the Chinese high-tech industry. Journal of Technology Management in China, 2(2), 145-153.
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business Press, Boston.
Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P., Steier, L. P., and Chua, J. H. (2013). The influence of family goals, governance, and resources on firm outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1249-1261.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 23(4), 19-39.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., Steier, L. P., and S. B. Rau. (2012). Sources of heterogeneity in family firms: An introduction, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1103-1113.
Classen, N., Van Gils, A., Bammens, Y., & Carree, M. (2012). Accessing resources from innovation partners: The search breadth of family SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 191-215.
Das, T. K., and B. S. Teng (2000). A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances, Journal of Management, 26(1), 31–61.109
Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19.
De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Pizzurno, E., & Cassia, L. (2015). Product innovation in family versus nonfamily firms: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 1-36.
Deeds, D. L., & Hill, C. W. (1996). Strategic alliances and the rate of new product development: An empirical study of entrepreneurial biotechnology firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(1), 41-55.
Deeds, D. L., & Rothaermel, F. T. (2003). Honeymoons and liabilities: The relationship between age and performance in research and development alliances. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 20(6), 468-484.
Diéguez-Soto, J., Manzaneque, M., & Rojo-Ramírez, A. A. (2016). Technological innovation inputs, outputs, and performance: The moderating role of family involvement in management. Family Business Review, 29(3), 327-346.
Doz, Y. and Hamel, G. (1997). The use of alliances in implementing technology strategies. In M. L. Tushman, & Anderson, P (Eds.) Managing strategic innovation and change: a collection of readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
Du, J., Leten, B., & Vanhaverbeke, W. (2014). Managing open innovation projects with science-based and market-based partners. Research Policy, 43(5), 828-840.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (1996). Resource-based view of strategic alliance formation: Strategic and social effects in entrepreneurial firms. Organization Science, 7(2), 136-150.
Faems, D., Van Looy, B., & Debackere, K. (2005). Interorganizational collaboration and innovation: Toward a portfolio approach. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(3), 238-250.
Feranita, F., Kotlar, J., and A. De Massis, A. 2017, “Collaborative innovation in family firms: Past research, current debates and agenda for future research”, Journal of Family Business Strategy, 8(3), 137-156.
Fernández, Z., & Nieto, M. J. (2005). Internationalization strategy of small and medium-sized family businesses: Some influential factors. Family Business Review, 18(1), 77-89.
Filser, M., De Massis, A., Gast, J., Kraus, S., & Niemand, T. (2018). Tracing the roots of innovativeness in family SMEs: The effect of family functionality and socioemotional wealth. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 35(4), 609-628.
Gersick, Davis, Hampton & Lansberg (1977). Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of the Family Business. Harvard University Press.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Takács Haynes, K., Núñez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J. L., & Moyano- Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional Wealth and Business Risks in Family-controlled Firms: Evidence from Spanish Olive Oil Mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 106–137.
Greene, W. H. (1999). Econometric analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hagedoorn, J. (2002). Inter-firm R&D partnerships: an overview of major trends and patterns since 1960. Research Policy, 31(4), 477-492.
Hagedoorn, J., (1993). Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: inter-organizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences. Strategic Management Journal 14, 371–385.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360.
Kotlar, J., & De Massis, A. (2013). Goal setting in family firms: Goal diversity, social interactions, and collective commitment to family‐centered goals. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1263-1288.
Kotlar, J., De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Bianchi, M., & Fang, H. (2013). Technology acquisition in family and nonfamily firms: A longitudinal analysis of Spanish manufacturing firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(6), 1073-1088.
Lambe, C. J., & Spekman, R. E. (1997). Alliances, external technology acquisition, and 110
discontinuous technological change. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14(2), 102-116.
Lasagni, A. (2012). How can external relationships enhance innovation in SMEs? New evidence for Europe. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 310-339.
Lazzarotti, V., and Pellegrini, L. (2015). An explorative study on family firms and open innovation breadth: do non–family managers make the difference?”, European Journal of International Management, 9(2), 179-200.
Lazzarotti, V., Manzini, R., Nosella, A., & Pellegrini, L. (2016). Collaborations with scientific partners: The mediating role of the social context in fostering innovation performance. Creativity and Innovation Management, 25(1), 142-156.
Lazzarotti, V., Visconti, F., Pellegrini, L., & Gjergji, R. (2017). Are there any differences between family and non-family firms in the open innovation era? Lessons from the practice of European manufacturing companies. International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning, 11(4), 279-319.
Le Breton‐Miller, I., & Miller, D. (2013). Socioemotional wealth across the family firm life cycle: A commentary on “Family Business Survival and the Role of Boards”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1391-1397.
Lettl, C., Herstatt, C., Gemuenden, H.G., 2006. Users’ contributions to radical inno-vation: evidence from four cases in the field of medical equipment technology. R&D Management, 36, 251–272.
Llach, J., and Nordqvist, M. (2010). Innovation in family and non-family businesses: A resource perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 2(3-4), 381-399.
Matzler, K., Veider, V., Hautz, J., and Stadler, C. (2015). The impact of family ownership, management, and governance on innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32(3), 319-333.
Miller, D., & Le Breton–Miller, I. (2011). Governance, social identity, and entrepreneurial orientation in closely held public companies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 1051-1076.
Neter, J., Wasserman, W. and Kutner, M. H. (1989). Applied regression models. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Niemelä, T. (2004). Interfirm cooperation capability in the context of networking family firms: The role of power. Family Business Review,17(4), 319-330.
Nieto, M. J., & Santamaría, L. (2007). The importance of diverse collaborative networks for the novelty of product innovation. Technovation, 27(6-7), 367-377.
Nieto, M. J., Santamaria, L., & Fernandez, Z. (2015). Understanding the innovation behavior of family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(2), 382-399.
Perri, A., & Peruffo, E. (2017). Family Business and Technological Innovation: Empirical Insights from the Italian Pharmaceutical Industry. Springer.
Pertuzè, J. A., E. S. Calder, E. M. Greitzer, and Lucas, W. A. (2010). Best Practices for Industry University Collaboration. MIT Sloan Management Review, 51(4), 83–90.
Pittino, D., Visintin, F., Bau’, M., and Mazzurana, P. (2013). Collaborative technology strategies and innovation in family firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 17(1-3), 8-27.
Röd, I. (2016). Disentangling the family firm’s innovation process: A systematic review. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 7(3), 185-201.
Roessl, D. (2005). Family businesses and interfirm cooperation. Family Business Review, 18(3), 203-214.
Rogers, M. (2004). Networks, Firm Size, and Innovation. Small Business Economics, 22(2),141–153.
Schoonhoven, C. B., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Lyman, K. (1990). Speeding products to market: Waiting time to first product introduction in new firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 177-207.
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., & Dino, R. N. (2003). Toward a theory of agency and 111
altruism in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 473-490.
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N., & Buchholtz, A. K. (2001). Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12(2), 99-116.
Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2014). Family management and profitability in private family-owned firms: Introducing generational stage and the socioemotional wealth perspective. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(2), 131-137
Serrano-Bedia, A. M., López-Fernández, M. C., and Garcia-Piqueres G. (2016). Analysis of the relationship between sources of knowledge and innovation performance in family firms”, Innovation, 18(4), 489-512.
Shan, W., Walker, G., & Kogut, B. (1994). Interfirm cooperation and startup innovation in the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 15(5), 387-394.
Sirmon, D. G., and Hitt, M. A. (2003). Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 339-358.
Song, M., Di Benedetto, C.A. (2008). Supplier’s involvement and success of radical new product development in new ventures. Journal of Operations Management, 26(1), 1–22.
Stuart, T. E. (2000). Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: a study of growth and innovation rates in a high‐technology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), 791-811.
Teece, D.J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 15, 285–305.
Von Hippel, E. (1988). Lead users: a source of novel product concepts. Management Science, 32(7), 791–805.
Williamson, O. E. (1998). Transaction cost economics: how it works; where it is headed. De economist, 146(1), 23-58
Almirall, E., & Casadesus-Masanell, R. (2010). Open versus closed innovation: A model of discovery and divergence. Academy of management review, 35(1), 27-47.
Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., and Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms”, Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73-95.
Baum, J. A., Calabrese, T., & Silverman, B. S. (2000). Don’t go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic management journal, 21(3), 267-294.
Bayona Sáez, C., Garcia Marco, T., & Huerta Arribas, E. (2002). Collaboration in R&D with universities and research centres: an empirical study of Spanish firms. R&D Management, 32(4), 321-341.
Becheikh, N., Landry, R., & Amara, N. (2006). Lessons from innovation empirical studies in the manufacturing sector: A systematic review of the literature from 1993–2003. Technovation, 26(5-6), 644-664.
Bianchi, M., Croce, A., Dell’Era, C., Di Benedetto, C. A., & Frattini, F. (2016). Organizing for Inbound Open Innovation: How External Consultants and a Dedicated R & D Unit Influence Product Innovation Performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 33(4), 492-510.
Block, J. H. (2012). R&D investments in family and founder firms: An agency perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 248-265.
Brinkerink, J. (2018). Broad search, deep search, and the absorptive capacity performance of family and nonfamily firm R&D. Family Business Review, 31(3), 295-317.
Brinkerink, J., & Bammens, Y. (2018). Family influence and R&D spending in Dutch manufacturing SMEs: the role of identity and socioemotional decision considerations. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 35(4), 588-608.
Brinkerink, J., Van Gils, A., Bammens, Y., and Carree M. (2017). Open Innovation: A Literature Review and Recommendations for Family Business Research, in Franz W. Kellermanns, Frank Hoy (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Family Business – Routledge, pp. 241-266.
Camisón, C., & Forés, B. (2010). Knowledge absorptive capacity: New insights for its conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Business Research, 63(7), 707-715.
Cassia, L., De Massis, A., and E. Pizzurno. 2012. Strategic innovation and new product development in family firms: An empirically grounded theoretical framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 18(2), 198-232.
Chen, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2007). The innovation strategy of firms: empirical evidence from the Chinese high-tech industry. Journal of Technology Management in China, 2(2), 145-153.
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business Press, Boston.
Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P., Steier, L. P., and Chua, J. H. (2013). The influence of family goals, governance, and resources on firm outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1249-1261.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 23(4), 19-39.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., Steier, L. P., and S. B. Rau. (2012). Sources of heterogeneity in family firms: An introduction, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1103-1113.
Classen, N., Van Gils, A., Bammens, Y., & Carree, M. (2012). Accessing resources from innovation partners: The search breadth of family SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 191-215.
Das, T. K., and B. S. Teng (2000). A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances, Journal of Management, 26(1), 31–61.109
Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19.
De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Pizzurno, E., & Cassia, L. (2015). Product innovation in family versus nonfamily firms: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 1-36.
Deeds, D. L., & Hill, C. W. (1996). Strategic alliances and the rate of new product development: An empirical study of entrepreneurial biotechnology firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(1), 41-55.
Deeds, D. L., & Rothaermel, F. T. (2003). Honeymoons and liabilities: The relationship between age and performance in research and development alliances. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 20(6), 468-484.
Diéguez-Soto, J., Manzaneque, M., & Rojo-Ramírez, A. A. (2016). Technological innovation inputs, outputs, and performance: The moderating role of family involvement in management. Family Business Review, 29(3), 327-346.
Doz, Y. and Hamel, G. (1997). The use of alliances in implementing technology strategies. In M. L. Tushman, & Anderson, P (Eds.) Managing strategic innovation and change: a collection of readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
Du, J., Leten, B., & Vanhaverbeke, W. (2014). Managing open innovation projects with science-based and market-based partners. Research Policy, 43(5), 828-840.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (1996). Resource-based view of strategic alliance formation: Strategic and social effects in entrepreneurial firms. Organization Science, 7(2), 136-150.
Faems, D., Van Looy, B., & Debackere, K. (2005). Interorganizational collaboration and innovation: Toward a portfolio approach. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(3), 238-250.
Feranita, F., Kotlar, J., and A. De Massis, A. 2017, “Collaborative innovation in family firms: Past research, current debates and agenda for future research”, Journal of Family Business Strategy, 8(3), 137-156.
Fernández, Z., & Nieto, M. J. (2005). Internationalization strategy of small and medium-sized family businesses: Some influential factors. Family Business Review, 18(1), 77-89.
Filser, M., De Massis, A., Gast, J., Kraus, S., & Niemand, T. (2018). Tracing the roots of innovativeness in family SMEs: The effect of family functionality and socioemotional wealth. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 35(4), 609-628.
Gersick, Davis, Hampton & Lansberg (1977). Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of the Family Business. Harvard University Press.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Takács Haynes, K., Núñez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J. L., & Moyano- Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional Wealth and Business Risks in Family-controlled Firms: Evidence from Spanish Olive Oil Mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 106–137.
Greene, W. H. (1999). Econometric analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hagedoorn, J. (2002). Inter-firm R&D partnerships: an overview of major trends and patterns since 1960. Research Policy, 31(4), 477-492.
Hagedoorn, J., (1993). Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: inter-organizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences. Strategic Management Journal 14, 371–385.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360.
Kotlar, J., & De Massis, A. (2013). Goal setting in family firms: Goal diversity, social interactions, and collective commitment to family‐centered goals. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1263-1288.
Kotlar, J., De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Bianchi, M., & Fang, H. (2013). Technology acquisition in family and nonfamily firms: A longitudinal analysis of Spanish manufacturing firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(6), 1073-1088.
Lambe, C. J., & Spekman, R. E. (1997). Alliances, external technology acquisition, and 110
discontinuous technological change. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14(2), 102-116.
Lasagni, A. (2012). How can external relationships enhance innovation in SMEs? New evidence for Europe. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 310-339.
Lazzarotti, V., and Pellegrini, L. (2015). An explorative study on family firms and open innovation breadth: do non–family managers make the difference?”, European Journal of International Management, 9(2), 179-200.
Lazzarotti, V., Manzini, R., Nosella, A., & Pellegrini, L. (2016). Collaborations with scientific partners: The mediating role of the social context in fostering innovation performance. Creativity and Innovation Management, 25(1), 142-156.
Lazzarotti, V., Visconti, F., Pellegrini, L., & Gjergji, R. (2017). Are there any differences between family and non-family firms in the open innovation era? Lessons from the practice of European manufacturing companies. International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning, 11(4), 279-319.
Le Breton‐Miller, I., & Miller, D. (2013). Socioemotional wealth across the family firm life cycle: A commentary on “Family Business Survival and the Role of Boards”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1391-1397.
Lettl, C., Herstatt, C., Gemuenden, H.G., 2006. Users’ contributions to radical inno-vation: evidence from four cases in the field of medical equipment technology. R&D Management, 36, 251–272.
Llach, J., and Nordqvist, M. (2010). Innovation in family and non-family businesses: A resource perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 2(3-4), 381-399.
Matzler, K., Veider, V., Hautz, J., and Stadler, C. (2015). The impact of family ownership, management, and governance on innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32(3), 319-333.
Miller, D., & Le Breton–Miller, I. (2011). Governance, social identity, and entrepreneurial orientation in closely held public companies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 1051-1076.
Neter, J., Wasserman, W. and Kutner, M. H. (1989). Applied regression models. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Niemelä, T. (2004). Interfirm cooperation capability in the context of networking family firms: The role of power. Family Business Review,17(4), 319-330.
Nieto, M. J., & Santamaría, L. (2007). The importance of diverse collaborative networks for the novelty of product innovation. Technovation, 27(6-7), 367-377.
Nieto, M. J., Santamaria, L., & Fernandez, Z. (2015). Understanding the innovation behavior of family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(2), 382-399.
Perri, A., & Peruffo, E. (2017). Family Business and Technological Innovation: Empirical Insights from the Italian Pharmaceutical Industry. Springer.
Pertuzè, J. A., E. S. Calder, E. M. Greitzer, and Lucas, W. A. (2010). Best Practices for Industry University Collaboration. MIT Sloan Management Review, 51(4), 83–90.
Pittino, D., Visintin, F., Bau’, M., and Mazzurana, P. (2013). Collaborative technology strategies and innovation in family firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 17(1-3), 8-27.
Röd, I. (2016). Disentangling the family firm’s innovation process: A systematic review. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 7(3), 185-201.
Roessl, D. (2005). Family businesses and interfirm cooperation. Family Business Review, 18(3), 203-214.
Rogers, M. (2004). Networks, Firm Size, and Innovation. Small Business Economics, 22(2),141–153.
Schoonhoven, C. B., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Lyman, K. (1990). Speeding products to market: Waiting time to first product introduction in new firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 177-207.
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., & Dino, R. N. (2003). Toward a theory of agency and 111
altruism in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 473-490.
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N., & Buchholtz, A. K. (2001). Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12(2), 99-116.
Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2014). Family management and profitability in private family-owned firms: Introducing generational stage and the socioemotional wealth perspective. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(2), 131-137
Serrano-Bedia, A. M., López-Fernández, M. C., and Garcia-Piqueres G. (2016). Analysis of the relationship between sources of knowledge and innovation performance in family firms”, Innovation, 18(4), 489-512.
Shan, W., Walker, G., & Kogut, B. (1994). Interfirm cooperation and startup innovation in the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 15(5), 387-394.
Sirmon, D. G., and Hitt, M. A. (2003). Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 339-358.
Song, M., Di Benedetto, C.A. (2008). Supplier’s involvement and success of radical new product development in new ventures. Journal of Operations Management, 26(1), 1–22.
Stuart, T. E. (2000). Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: a study of growth and innovation rates in a high‐technology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), 791-811.
Teece, D.J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 15, 285–305.
Von Hippel, E. (1988). Lead users: a source of novel product concepts. Management Science, 32(7), 791–805.
Williamson, O. E. (1998). Transaction cost economics: how it works; where it is headed. De economist, 146(1), 23-58
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