A Note on Marx and the Revolution

Abstract

This article explores the connection between philosophy, politics and revolution in Marxist thought, addressing central themes such as determinism, antideterminism and the ethical and political implications of Marx's theories. The article questions the contrast between the theoretical height and the daily practice of modern intellectuals, linking it to the tension between ethics and politics. The core of the analysis is the dichotomy between determinism, represented by the historical continuity of material processes, and antideterminism, underlined by Gramsci, which recognizes the active role of the subject in social transformation. It also examines the evolution of Marx's thought, moving from the initial phase of scientific materialism, influenced by Darwinism, to the subsequent historicization of his theories, culminating in the idea of ​​plurality of historical paths, in particular with regard to Russian society.

My aim toemphasize the complexity of the relationship between political revolution and socialism, highlighting how Marx conceives socialism not only as a subsequent phase but as a force that reacts on the revolution itself. Through a comparative analysis, I connect these reflections to the perspectives of Lenin and Gramsci, showing how Marxism is continuously reinterpreted to respond to historical challenges. Finally, I question the meaning of politics and its self-dissolution, proposing socialism as a project that overcomes the dynamics of state domination to inaugurate the “kingdom of freedom”.

Determinism; Antideterminism; Revolution; Socialism; Praxis.