La rivista P.A. (Persona e Amministrazione) (ISSN 2610-9050) rivista scientifica semestrale di Classe A, Area 12. Nasce dal percorso di ricerca avviato nel 2006, con il primo convegno promosso ad Urbino. Non si tratta, quindi, di una rivista che sorge in astratto o come frutto solo di un progetto; essa è, piuttosto, il risultato di un percorso, ormai decennale. Nasce, quindi, da un’esperienza ed i risultati di quell’esperienza concorreranno a sostenerla e ad accrescerla. La rivista è indicizzata a livello internazionale nella prestigiosa banca dati Scopus - Elsevier
Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo
L'opera è pubblicata sotto Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale (CC-BY)
Public governance, and economic security in transition
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the functioning of corrupt networks in state governance: Contemporary political and legal methods of combating corruption
The aim of this study was to analyse the functioning of corrupt networks in the sphere of state governance in Kyrgyzstan and to assess contemporary methods of combating corruption applied both domestically and at the international level. The research involved a review of legislation, including the Criminal Code, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 153 “On Combating Corruption”, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 125 “On State Civil Service and Municipal Service”, the State Strategy for Combating Corruption and Eliminating its Causes in the Kyrgyz Republic for 2021-2024, and the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The findings revealed that corruption in Kyrgyzstan affects both local and central government bodies, manifesting in the forms of bribery and the misappropriation of public funds. An analysis of the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures established that, despite existing legislative initiatives such as the adoption of anti-corruption laws and the Strategy, the implementation of these measures faces challenges due to political influence and weak enforcement practices. Furthermore, the study identified that the introduction of information technologies, such as e-government and the digitalisation of public services, significantly reduces the level of corruption, particularly in the area of public procurement. The research concluded that corruption in the sphere of state governance in the Kyrgyz Republic remains a serious issue, especially in sectors such as public procurement, taxation, the judiciary, and the regulatory and licensing system. The Corruption Perceptions Index for 2023 ranked Kyrgyzstan 141st out of 185 countries, while its ranking in the Rule of Law Index was 103rd out of 142 countries, indicating a low level of trust in the judicial system and weak protection of citizens' rights. The study highlights the need to strengthen the independence of anti-corruption bodies and enhance international cooperation to facilitate the exchange of experience and technology in the fight against corruption.
Legal aspects of the regulation of land relations in the context of modern economic changes
The purpose of this work is to examine the legal mechanisms governing land relations in the context of modern economic changes, with a particular focus on Kyrgyzstan, the USA, and European countries. The study employs a comprehensive approach, incorporating a comparative legal method to analyse the legislation of Kyrgyzstan, the USA, and European countries, a systems analysis method to assess the effectiveness of legal norms, and an empirical method to investigate the practical application of land legislation. The study addresses key challenges, including the lack of transparent land accounting, insufficient automation of cadastral data, and legal uncertainty in the field of land management. Primary attention is given to the regulatory and legal framework of Kyrgyzstan, the activities of the state agency “Cadastre”, and statistical data on land use. To broaden the context, a comparative analysis is conducted with the legislation of Germany and France, which exhibit a high level of decentralisation and automation in land relations. Several methods are employed in the study, notably the analysis of regulatory legal acts and cartographic analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of modern information technologies in enhancing the efficiency of land administration. The article also outlines issues related to limited citizen access to information about land resources and the restrictions in inter-agency cooperation, which hinder effective land management. In addition, the impact of economic changes on regulatory and legal frameworks is analysed, with proposed mechanisms for adapting legislation to new conditions. Consequently, the article presents recommendations for improving land legislation in Kyrgyzstan, notably the establishment of transparent electronic accounting mechanisms and the integration of international standards. The importance of enhancing cooperation between state bodies and ensuring citizen access to land information is particularly emphasised. This study seeks to address gaps in the scientific literature concerning the impact of economic changes on land law in Kyrgyzstan and to offer practical recommendations for reform in this field.
New trends in the regulation of the banking sector: international experience and its applicability to the central asian countries
The aim of the work was to study modern approaches to banking regulation based on the experience of developed countries (Canada, Germany, Singapore) and to determine the possibilities of the adaptation in the context of the banking system of Kyrgyzstan, taking into account the processes of digitalisation and institutional constraints. The research methodology included comparative analysis, SWOT analysis, content analysis of legal documents, statistical processing of data from the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic, international regulatory standards (in particular, the requirements of Basel I and II). The research produced unique data reflecting the state and dynamics of the digital transformation of the banking sector of Kyrgyzstan. It was established that from 2021 to April 2025 the number of mobile banking users increased by 35% and amounted to 1.2 million people. The example of MBank showed a high degree of integration of digital services – more than 10 million downloads of the mobile application and 3 million active clients by 2024, which constituted about 80% of the adult population of the country. The bank’s loan portfolio over the same period grew by 400% – from 7 to 35 billion soms. The results of the research showed that, despite the high level of digitalisation, the existing regulatory system in Kyrgyzstan required certain modernisation. In particular, a number of deviations from the requirements of the Basel Accords were revealed in terms of internal control, risk assessment, and corporate governance. The SWOT analysis confirmed the presence of both strengths (broad access to digital services, state support) and weaknesses (staff shortage, fragmentation of regulation). The work consisted in formulating specific recommendations for financial supervisory authorities and the banking sector of Kyrgyzstan regarding the adaptation of international regulatory practices. In particular, it was proposed to introduce independent risk committees in banks, automate scoring procedures based on Big Data, and revise the regulatory framework in accordance with the requirements of Basel III. The results obtained could be used in the development of a digital transformation strategy and the reform of banking supervision in the Central Asian countries.
Peculiarities of the legal regulation of customs transit procedures in the eurasian economic union countries
The relevance of this study arises from the increasing significance of customs transit in the integration processes within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), particularly in light of the need for digitalisation and the harmonisation of regulatory approaches among member states. The purpose of the study was to identify legal and practical discrepancies in the regulation of transit procedures, as well as to develop recommendations for the unification of approaches, which would enhance the efficiency of the transit system, foster integration, and minimise administrative barriers in foreign economic activity. The methodological foundation of the study was a comparative legal analysis of the regulatory frameworks governing transit procedures in Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, incorporating international standards, decisions of supranational bodies, and elements of the structural-functional approach. The study revealed the absence of a unified enforcement mechanism, limited mutual recognition of customs procedures, and significant discrepancies in the legal regulation of guarantees for carrier liability. In the case of Armenia, where additional inspections are conducted even when a valid transit carnet is presented, a breach of the principle of continuous customs supervision was identified. A low level of technical compatibility among national information technology (IT) systems was also recorded, complicating the implementation of electronic document flows and leading to the duplication of procedures. Disparities in the application of risk management systems (RMS) were observed, with some countries relying on manual analysis models in contrast to others employing automated platforms utilising machine learning. The findings indicate a pressing need to unify law enforcement practices and to establish an integrated digital infrastructure to ensure an effective transit regime.
State, law, and society: mechanisms of interaction and pressing issues
The purpose of the study was to investigate the mechanisms of interaction between the state, law, society, and to identify the challenges of their functioning. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the current legislation of Kyrgyzstan regulating the interaction of the state, law, and society was carried out, with an emphasis on regulatory mechanisms for civil participation. As a result of the study, it was found that a model of interaction between the state, law, and society is being formed in Kyrgyzstan, characterised by a gradual transition to partner forms of governance. The creation of civil society institutions, the active participation of non-governmental groups in the implementation of social programmes, and the normative tools for public participation in administrative decision-making are the main mechanisms for such interaction. The analysis of the current legislation showed the existence of a legal framework for interaction between state bodies and citizens, in particular, through public councils, consulting procedures, and electronic participation platforms. However, other issues were noted, including the need to strengthen accountability and transparency processes, the lack of a legal culture in some areas, and limited access to participatory mechanisms. Kyrgyzstan’s legal system is gradually adapting to the principles of the rule of law, including through the reform of the judiciary, digitalisation of public services, and the implementation of international human rights standards. However, a significant part of the population remains excluded from real legal influence on public policy due to a lack of access to quality legal information, legal education, and protection mechanisms.
Modernisation of the public management system in Ukraine
The existence of Ukraine as an independent subject in the international arena provides for a modern legal and democratic system of public management, which serves as the basis for the evolutionary transformation of socio-political relations in the period of post-war development of the state. The purpose of the study is to determine the areas of improvement and renewal of the public management system in Ukraine by considering the main stages of its historical development and functioning of the components of the public management system at the present stage. The main approaches used were the historical method, which analysed the transformation of the public management system at different stages of Ukraine’s development, and the method of system analysis, which was used to investigate the key components of the Ukrainian public management system. The main aspects, features, and elements of the public management system in Ukraine are considered. It is determined that the content characteristics of public management practically did not change, but its functional component underwent transformations. The paper focuses on successful attempts to develop self-government that took place during the first state formations on the territory of modern Ukraine. In the Soviet period, the practice of self-organisation and public control was nominal; the role and significance of communities was then minimal and did not have a decisive influence on public management decision-making. With independence, the processes of democratisation of public administration began, the development of such a component as local self-government, territorial communities received more rights, but a number of complex issues related to their functioning remain. In the 21st century, legislative changes took place: the rights of public institutions expanded, the processes of decentralisation and digitalisation of public management intensified, but corruption and the influence of oligarchic groups increased. The situation in which the modern system of public management in Ukraine is characterised by a number of innovations and reforms is outlined, but a qualitative update is needed in the area of preventing corruption and expanding the powers of local authorities, in accordance with the principles of decentralisation. The results and conclusions of this study can be used as a theoretical basis for further scientific research and for improving the public management system.
Theoretical foundations for state regulation of regional development
The purpose of the article was to examine the effectiveness of state regulation in fostering balanced regional development. The research methodology involved a comprehensive theoretical analysis of legislative frameworks, governance strategies, and funding mechanisms that support regional development. Particular attention was given to examining how centralized policies can be adapted to address local needs and how investments in institutional and human capital contribute to long-term stability and resilience. The results of the study highlighted the critical role of human capital and institutional quality in achieving regional socio-economic cohesion. The research identified targeted policy tools, such as state funding programs and economic incentives, as essential for reducing regional disparities. Additionally, the study demonstrated how strategic governance frameworks can align centralized objectives with local implementation, facilitating regional sustainability. The analysis of international experiences in regional development highlighted the importance of central coordination in implementing effective regional policies. The case studies from the Czech Republic and Latvia illustrated the critical role of specialized ministries and agencies in managing territorial development and ensuring the equitable distribution of resources across regions. A modelling and forecasting analysis were conducted to assess the long-term consequences of proposed strategies and their impact on key factors such as economic balance, social justice, and environmental sustainability. The conclusions indicate that balanced regional development requires an integrated approach that includes investments in governance quality, infrastructure, and institutional capacity. The findings are particularly relevant for regions facing structural deficiencies and economic stagnation, offering insights into how such challenges can be addressed through adaptive policy measures.
The role of small enterprises in promoting economic growth and social welfare
The objective of this study was to identify the ways in which small businesses influence the socio-economic development of a country, and to develop recommendations for promoting such development using the Republic of Kyrgyzstan as a case study. The recommendations and the conducted analysis were based on the study of statistical data reflecting the functioning of Kyrgyzstan’s economy, the state of the labour market, and the situation of small businesses in the country. The recommendations were also informed by the experiences of India, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. The research found that Kyrgyz small businesses contribute to the country's economic development through their involvement in sectors such as trade, agriculture, hospitality, and contracting services, collectively accounting for approximately 9% of national output. Furthermore, small enterprises generate employment (approximately 2% of total employment), thereby increasing job availability and consequently reducing both poverty (29.8%) and extreme poverty (5.1%) across the country. The study identified two major challenges facing small businesses in Kyrgyzstan: limited access to finance and a low level of financial literacy among the population. These challenges significantly impact the capacity of small enterprises to contribute to the country’s socio-economic development. As a result, addressing these issues has emerged as a priority for the government in its efforts to enhance the efficiency of national economic operations and improve the social welfare of the population. In practical terms, the implementation of programmes to promote social entrepreneurship, with components aimed at improving the financial literacy of small business personnel, is essential. It is also advisable to introduce measures for establishing collective financing clusters and systems of mutual guarantees between large and small enterprises. These findings are of both academic and practical value, as the measures proposed serve as direct policy recommendations for the Government of Kyrgyzstan.
Economic development strategies in eastern european countries and their impact on sustainable growth
The aim of this study was to analyse the economic development strategies of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Georgia, and Ukraine, and to determine which of these most effectively promote sustainable economic growth. The methodology employed consisted of qualitative and comparative analysis of the economic strategies implemented by these countries. The study of the impact of such strategies on sustainable growth, including the assessment of economic, social, and environmental dimensions, has become a significant area of academic interest. It was found that the success of economic development in Eastern European countries has largely depended on their integration into global economic structures such as the European Union, as well as on effective attraction of foreign investment and the utilisation of international funds. The implementation of market reforms and the creation of a favourable business climate – as exemplified by Poland’s GDP growth of 3.1% in 2023 – have played a key role in economic recovery and improving living standards. At the same time, the study revealed that corruption and political instability remain serious barriers to sustainable development in several countries, including Ukraine (ranked 132nd in the Corruption Perceptions Index) and Bulgaria (72nd). Despite economic reforms, these countries continue to suffer from weak institutions and ineffective governance, which hinder long-term growth. Moreover, achieving sustainable development requires more decisive action in environmental protection and social policy, in line with the EU’s goal of reducing carbon emissions by 55% by 2030. The study concludes that further reforms and the strengthening of state institutions are essential to ensure sustainable growth in the region. The practical value of this research lies in identifying the most effective economic development strategies that can form the basis for shaping sustainable growth policies in transition economies.
monitoring successful cases of relocated enterprises and the contribution to regional development
The aim of this study was to analyse the socio-economic contribution of successfully relocated enterprises to the development of host regions in Ukraine and EU countries. The methodology was based on an applied study of cases of Ukrainian and European enterprises that changed the location of the operations. Relocation under wartime challenges ensured business survival and had a multiplier effect for communities. The company “Kulinichi” moved production from Kharkiv to Lviv region, invested EUR 20 million in a bakery complex, created more than 3,000 jobs (500 – for internally displaced persons); revenue increased from UAH 113.8 million in 2022 to UAH 214.3 million in 2024. The company “Akvaizol” moved from Kharkiv to Kalush, built a plant on an abandoned site, created 100 jobs; revenue in 2023 amounted to UAH 901 million, assets in 2024 – UAH 1.283 billion. The company “Chumak”, after losing its plant in Kakhovka, placed production in several regions and initiated the construction of a plant in Odesa region (potential for 5,000 jobs); revenue increased from UAH 573.3 million in 2022 to UAH 1.36 billion in 2024. The joint-stock company “Ukrainian Energy Machines” created branches in Lviv, Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi regions to reduce risks. In the EU, relocation was carried out for economic, logistical and regulatory reasons: the companies JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, Bank of America and Morgan Stanley relocated part of the staff and assets to Frankfurt, Paris, Dublin, and Madrid to maintain access to the EU internal market. The company Bosch implemented a strategy of moving production closer to the consumer, expanding it in Hungary. The practical significance of the study lies in the use of the results to improve the policy of supporting relocated business and to develop indicators of its socio-economic impact.
Organisational aspects of the formation of autonomous regions: Historical experience and international comparative perspectives
The aim of the study was to identify the prerequisites and peculiarities of the formation of the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast in the context of political transformations. The research methodology was based on the analysis of works that examined the political situation in the Russian Empire, the role of the Bolshevik Party in the revolutionary transformations, and the consequences of these events for the political status of the Kyrgyz people. A comparative approach using Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, Environmental analysis was also applied, which allowed the analysis of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal factors that influenced the processes of autonomisation. It was revealed that the Great October Socialist Revolution created prerequisites for political changes that influenced the national self-determination of the Kyrgyz people. It was established that the key stage was the decision to withdraw the Kyrgyz from the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the formation of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast. The study showed that the creation of autonomy took place under conditions of complex political struggle, as well as under the influence of socio-economic factors. As a result of the work, it was possible to analyse the mechanisms of formation of administrative structures and the influence of revolutionary events on the processes of nation-building. The findings were important for the further study of the history of statehood in Kyrgyzstan and could also be used in comparative analyses of political transformations in other countries.
Transformation of political regimes in Ukraine and Russia in the context of democracy building and consolidation of authoritarianism
The purpose of the study was to identify the differences in political development between Ukraine and Russia to understand the factors behind the departure from democratic traditions. The methods employed included content analysis of the media and statistical analysis of survey data. The findings of the study revealed that the demand for democracy in Ukraine was greater than in Russia, as almost 43% of Ukrainians expressed absolute confidence in the significance of democracy, while only 23% of Russians did. It was found that the period of 1994-2007 in Ukraine was characterised by both attempts to introduce authoritarian aspects into the life of the state and the peak of the increase in civil liberties and political rights after the Orange Revolution. At the same time, Russia experienced a complete authoritarian breakdown, especially after the 2003 parliamentary elections, where the United Russia party won two-thirds of the seats, including through administrative resources. The development of civil society organisations was also highlighted as an aspect of political regime formation. Their overall sustainability in both Ukraine and Russia was stagnant in 2005-2014. However, after the beginning of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014, the resilience of Ukrainian civil society organisations has considerably improved, while in Russia it has declined, as the study findings showed. Thus, the post-independence period of both countries did not have substantial differences. The findings of this study can be used in shaping political strategies and educational programmes in the field of international relations.
The role of the state administration in ensuring the safety of the digital economy in France, Poland, Bulgaria and Kyrgyzstan
The aim of this study was to identify the specifics and differences in approaches to digital security in the public administration systems of France, Poland, Bulgaria and Kyrgyzstan. The theoretical research was based on a descriptive method, enabling analysis of legal regulation, institutional frameworks and strategic documents. The study found that France has a structured digital security model based on the Digital Sovereignty Strategy. The Digital Republic Act and Law No. 2004-575, regulate user rights, digital ethics and platform responsibility. The General Data Protection Regulation and Directive on ePrivacy ensure high personal data protection, supported by institutions such as the “Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés” and the National Agency for Information Systems Security. Poland prioritized strengthening cyber defence through the Act on the National Cybersecurity System and the National Cybersecurity Strategy of Poland for 2019-2024. The Cyber Shield program became a tool of direct budget investment in cyber infrastructure. In Bulgaria, gradual development of digital services was identified under the National Program “Digital Bulgaria 2025” and the Electronic Government Act, though issues with implementation and interagency coordination were noted. Kyrgyzstan follows a transformation model with strong digital inclusion, implemented via the Concept of Digital Transformation for 2024-2028, the “Tunduk” platform, and activities of the State Institution “Kizmat”. Overall, the results showed that France and Poland prioritize preventive regulation and strategic planning, while Bulgaria and Kyrgyzstan emphasize expanding access to digital services. The practical significance of the study lies in substantiating the directions of harmonization of digital policy.
Digital transformation of financial management: innovative technologies and outsourcing in the development of territorial communities
The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the level of digital maturity and the application of outsourcing practices on the effectiveness of financial management in territorial communities of the Lviv region. Methodically, the study is based on typological analysis, comparative statistics, Student's t-criteria, and Mann-Whitney U-criteria. As part of the analysis, typologised communities were identified: 21% had a comprehensive digital architecture, 48% – a fragmented one, and 31% – a basic level of digital presence. In digitally mature communities, the average time for approving financial decisions was 1.9 days (vs. 6.5 days), documentation processing – 2.4 days (vs. 7.1), and the share of errors in financial documents – 3.2% (vs. 11.4%). Integrated accounting platforms provided forecast accuracy of 5.7%, while basic accounting platforms provided forecast accuracy of 13.1%. In communities with digital control, the frequency of exceeding budget limits did not exceed 4.1%, and the share of erroneous transactions – 2.8%. Outsourcing was applied in 38% of communities and was accompanied by a 27% reduction in costs, errors – up to 3.1%, delays in reporting – up to 1.1 days. In 24% of communities, analytical functions were transferred to external performers. Based on the results, a conceptual model for integrating digital technologies and outsourcing with a network of shared service centres is proposed. Practical importance lies in the possibility of applying the results to form digital development strategies, optimise costs, and improve the efficiency of municipal administration in the context of decentralisation. The obtained conclusions can be used by heads of territorial communities, specialists of local self-government bodies, regional divisions of the Ministry of Digital Development, and specialised consulting structures in the development of digital transformation programs, selection of outsourcing support models, implementation of electronic budgeting platforms, and in the development of inter-municipal initiatives to create joint service centres.
Strategic approaches to ensuring information security in the context of digitalisation of economic processes
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between digital security and economic sustainability in the context of digital governance transformation on the example of Albania, Lithuania, Estonia, Croatia, and the Czech Republic. The methodological framework included structural-functional analysis, processing of statistical indicators, and econometric modelling of the dependencies between the level of digital security and indicators of economic activity. Special attention was paid to the analysis of modern cybersecurity regulations adopted in 2024-2025, with a focus on sectoral regulation and the powers of national authorities. The study found that countries with greater values of the digital maturity index (up to 74.3 in Estonia) and human capital (up to 0.79), as well as with a prominent level of employee coverage by corporate cyber awareness programmes (up to 81% in the same country), demonstrated lower productivity losses due to cyber incidents, greater resilience to solvency risks (up to 0.33 in the Czech Republic), and a greater share of e-commerce in the gross domestic product (GDP) (up to 9.8% in the Czech Republic). The active implementation of digital security tools was found to be accompanied by a decrease in the negative impact of incidents on the activities of enterprises, although in some cases (e.g., in Estonia) high losses were maintained with a small number of violations. The study determined that the introduction of cloud services and multi-level authentication is critical to increasing the adaptability of economic systems to digital challenges and reducing the overall level of vulnerability of enterprises. The summary results of the study highlighted the need to integrate technical solutions, digital education, institutional protocols, and corporate cyber hygiene culture into a single, coherent digital security strategy that factors in the specifics of national digitalisation models. The findings of this study can be used by public authorities, small and medium-sized businesses, analytical institutions, and developers of digital strategies to optimise information security management mechanisms.
Comparative study of governmental approaches to the security of critical information systems
The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of national strategies and legal mechanisms for the protection of critical information systems in Poland, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and Canada. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of national legislative acts, strategic documents, and international reports, which enabled the systematisation and comparison of institutional and regulatory approaches. It was found that despite common challenges – such as the rising number of cyber threats, reported by 72% of organisations, and the significant impact of incidents on 59% of companies – the examined countries have developed three distinct protection models. Poland and the Netherlands exemplify a European approach focused on the implementation of EU directives, which aim at harmonising requirements and creating a unified market for cybersecurity services. Ukraine’s model, shaped by wartime conditions, is centred on military cyber defence and crisis response. Canada’s model, where 51% of public cybersecurity investments are allocated at the provincial level, is characterised by federal partnerships and decentralisation. The study confirmed that the key issues for all countries remain the shortage of qualified personnel – as 47% of EU operators do not plan to expand their staff – and a significant disparity in security maturity, with 90% of companies being technically unprepared to face modern threats. The practical significance of the study lies in its potential to inform the improvement of national cybersecurity policies through the synthesis of practices from different regulatory models, thereby contributing to the development of more resilient and adaptive national protection systems capable of effectively countering both state and non-state cyber threats.